Table 2.
Cannabis and tobacco routes of administration by country.
| Routes of administration with tobacco (%) |
Routes of administration without tobacco (%) |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Total N | N cannabis used in past year | Age [M (SD)] | Gender % female | Joint | Blunt | Pipe | Bong | Total tobacco | Joint | Blunt | Pipe | Bong | Vaporizer | Total non-tobacco | Othera |
| Europe | ||||||||||||||||
| Austria | 1317 | 750 | 25.70 (7.49) | 23.00 | 81.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 8.0 | 89.4 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 8.7 | 2.0 |
| Belgium | 2661 | 1068 | 25.91 (7.91) | 21.80 | 89.7 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 90.8 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 7.5 | 1.9 |
| France | 2019 | 1300 | 31.19 (11.14) | 20.60 | 83.0 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 87.5 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 11.5 | 1.1 |
| Germany | 22,232 | 9905 | 25.30 (7.84) | 19.40 | 80.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 6.4 | 87.2 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 11.4 | 1.4 |
| Hungary | 3164 | 1173 | 27.51 (7.04) | 19.40 | 88.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 89.3 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 10.0 | 0.7 |
| Republic of Ireland | 824 | 472 | 26.80 (9.19) | 27.20 | 81.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 81.4 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 6.4 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 17.3 | 1.3 |
| Denmark | 1630 | 1014 | 27.36 (9.13) | 19.10 | 81.0 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 87.0 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 11.0 | 2.0 |
| Portugal | 611 | 308 | 25.59 (9.00) | 27.20 | 88.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 89.8 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 9.8 | 0.3 |
| Spain | 1298 | 820 | 29.38 (9.83) | 24.10 | 85.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 86.4 | 7.9 | 0.5 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 12.4 | 1.3 |
| Netherlands | 2743 | 1196 | 22.38 (5.95) | 41.60 | 86.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 87.6 | 4.1 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 10.1 | 2.3 |
| Switzerland | 4972 | 1961 | 27.03 (9.02) | 21.30 | 89.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 90.9 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 7.5 | 1.6 |
| United Kingdom | 7174 | 3725 | 27.89 (10.34) | 23.80 | 75.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 77.2 | 6.0 | 0.5 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 21.2 | 1.7 |
| Americas | ||||||||||||||||
| Brazil | 1065 | 736 | 26.39 (8.15) | 19.30 | 6.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 80.8 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 91.4 | 1.1 |
| United States | 6423 | 4359 | 32.09 (14.38) | 33.10 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 10.7 | 3.4 | 48.1 | 18.7 | 11.2 | 92.1 | 3.5 |
| Canada | 834 | 570 | 27.83 (11.39) | 29.20 | 10.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 4.5 | 16.0 | 31.8 | 0.9 | 18.7 | 15.1 | 13.3 | 79.8 | 4.2 |
| Mexico | 627 | 472 | 26.02 (7.84) | 31.30 | 6.1 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 6.9 | 37.8 | 6.1 | 40.9 | 6.7 | 0.2 | 91.7 | 1.3 |
| Australasia | ||||||||||||||||
| Australia | 5789 | 1947 | 32.95 (11.87) | 28.50 | 37.0 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 12.3 | 51.6 | 15.4 | 0.3 | 9.8 | 12.8 | 5.8 | 44.1 | 4.3 |
| New Zealand | 5614 | 1911 | 31.48 (11.52) | 35.60 | 17.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 20.7 | 23.7 | 0.5 | 27.9 | 15.0 | 3.1 | 70.2 | 9.1 |
| Worldwide | 70,997 | 33,687 (47.4%) | 27.86 (10.39) | 25.86 | 61.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 3.6 | 65.6 | 9.5 | 0.9 | 11.7 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 32.1 | 2.4 |
aConsists of non-tobacco non-inhaled routes of administration (“bucket bong,” “hot knife,” “in food,” “in drink,” and “other”).