Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population of the Bladder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study (BLEND)
| Total | Europe | America | Asia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | Cases | Controls | |||||||||
| N | (() | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |
| Case–control studies | ||||||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||
| Male | 5,592 | (77.9) | 11,045 | (55.9) | 1,817 | (83.5) | 2,269 | (71.0) | 3,109 | (74.6) | 8,044 | (50.7) | 666 | (80.6) | 732 | (79.0) |
| Female | 1,578 | (22.1) | 8,930 | (44.1) | 358 | (16.5) | 927 | (29.0) | 1,060 | (25.4) | 7,808 | (49.3) | 160 | (19.4) | 195 | (21.0) |
| Age (mean, SD) | 61.6 | (11.4) | 57.0 | (14.4) | 65.4 | (9.7) | 63.3 | (10.9) | 59.0 | (11.1) | 55.3 | (14.5) | 64.9 | (13.1) | 66.1 | (12.2) |
| < 50 | 961 | (13.4) | 5,665 | (28.4) | 135 | (6.2) | 308 | (9.6) | 723 | (17.3) | 5,271 | (33.3) | 103 | (12.5) | 86 | (9.3) |
| 50– 59 | 1,832 | (25.6) | 4,501 | (22.5) | 407 | (18.7) | 787 | (24.6) | 1,261 | (30.2) | 3,549 | (22.4) | 164 | (19.9) | 165 | (17.8) |
| 60–64 | 1,399 | (19.5) | 2,772 | (13.9) | 381 | (17.5) | 555 | (17.4) | 929 | (22.3) | 2,1 | (13.2) | 89 | (10.8) | 117 | (12.6) |
| 65–69 | 1,122 | (15.6) | 2,842 | (14.2) | 482 | (22.2) | 567 | (17.7) | 522 | (12.5) | 2,138 | (13.5) | 118 | (14.3) | 137 | (14.8) |
| ≥ 70 | 1,856 | (25.9) | 4,195 | (21.0) | 770 | (35.4) | 979 | (30.6) | 734 | (17.6) | 2,794 | (17.6) | 352 | (42.6) | 422 | (45.5) |
| Ethnic group | ||||||||||||||||
| Caucasian | 4,438 | (61.9) | 15,057 | (75.4) | 593 | (27.3) | 831 | (26.0) | 3,845 | (92.2) | 14,226 | (89.2) | 782 | (94.7) | 767 | (82.7) |
| Mixed | 9 | (0.1) | 10 | (0.1) | – | – | – | – | 9 | (0.2) | 10 | (0.1) | – | – | – | – |
| Asian | 788 | (11.0) | 895 | (4.5) | – | – | – | – | 6 | (0.1) | 128 | (0.8) | – | – | – | – |
| Black | 52 | (0.7) | 748 | (3.7) | – | – | – | – | 52 | (1.2) | 748 | (4.7) | – | – | – | – |
| Any other ethnic group | 64 | (0.9) | 232 | (1.2) | – | – | – | – | 21 | (0.5) | 72 | (0.5) | 43 | (5.2) | 160 | (17.3) |
| Unknown | 1,819 | (25.4) | 3,033 | (15.2) | 1,582 | (72.7) | 2,365 | (74.0) | 236 | (5.7) | 668 | (4.2) | 1 | (0.1) | – | – |
| Tobacco smoking status | ||||||||||||||||
| Current smoker | 2,95 | (41.1) | 6,98 | (34.9) | 1,038 | (47.7) | 1,022 | (32.0) | 1,564 | (37.5) | 5,695 | (35.9) | 348 | (42.1) | 263 | (28.4) |
| Former smoker | 2,703 | (37.7) | 5,269 | (26.4) | 747 | (34.3) | 1,025 | (32.1) | 1,731 | (41.5) | 3,943 | (24.9) | 225 | (27.2) | 301 | (32.5) |
| Never smoker | 1,517 | (21.2) | 7,726 | (38.7) | 390 | (17.9) | 1,149 | (36.0) | 874 | (21.0) | 6,214 | (39.2) | 253 | (30.6) | 363 | (39.2) |
| Staging | ||||||||||||||||
| Non–invasive | 2,246 | (31.3) | – | – | 511 | (23.5) | – | – | 1,606 | (38.5) | – | – | 129 | (15.6) | – | – |
| Invasive | 609 | (8.5) | – | – | 73 | (3.4) | – | – | 366 | (8.8) | – | – | 170 | (20.6) | – | – |
| Unknown | 4,315 | (60.2) | – | – | 1,591 | (73.1) | – | – | 2,197 | (52.7) | – | – | 527 | (63.8) | – | – |
| Continent | ||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 2,175 | (30.3) | 3,196 | (16.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| America | 4,169 | (58.1) | 15,852 | (79.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Asia | 826 | (11.5) | 927 | (4.6) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cohort studies | ||||||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||
| Male | 2,866 | (69.2) | 205,678 | (31.4) | 2,544 | (74.9) | 146,333 | (27.5) | 338 | (76.1) | 39,983 | (52.3) | 216 | (71.8) | 19,362 | (40.7) |
| Female | 1,277 | (30.8) | 449,827 | (68.6) | 854 | (25.1) | 385,124 | (72.5) | 106 | (23.9) | 36,454 | (47.7) | 85 | (28.2) | 28,249 | (59.3) |
| Age (mean, SD) | 61.1 | (8.5) | 51.8 | (10.8) | 60.9 | (7.9) | 50.4 | (10.2) | 66.4 | (6.4) | 61.4 | (7.4) | 55.7 | (12.0) | 52.0 | (13.6) |
| < 50 | 380 | (9.2) | 270,949 | (41.3) | 277 | (8.2) | 249,151 | (46.9) | – | – | – | – | 103 | (34.2) | 21,798 | (45.8) |
| 50–59 | 1,305 | (31.5) | 232,316 | (35.4) | 1,154 | (34.0) | 184,999 | (34.8) | 69 | (15.5) | 35,193 | (46.0) | 82 | (27.2) | 12,124 | (25.5) |
| 60–64 | 1,114 | (26.9) | 81,842 | (12.5) | 974 | (28.7) | 62,868 | (11.8) | 92 | (20.7) | 13,923 | (18.2) | 48 | (15.9) | 5,051 | (10.6) |
| 65–69 | 757 | (18.3) | 39,082 | (6.0) | 610 | (18.0) | 22,425 | (4.2) | 109 | (24.5) | 12,561 | (16.4) | 38 | (12.6) | 4,096 | (8.6) |
| ≥ 70 | 587 | (14.2) | 31,316 | (4.8) | 383 | (11.3) | 12,014 | (2.3) | 174 | (39.2) | 14,760 | (19.3) | 30 | (10.0) | 4,542 | (9.5) |
| Ethnic group | ||||||||||||||||
| Caucasian | 3,815 | (92.1) | 602,416 | (91.9) | 3,398 | (100) | 531,457 | (100) | 417 | (93.9) | 70,959 | (92.8) | – | – | – | – |
| Asian | 314 | (7.6) | 50,651 | (7.7) | – | – | – | – | 13 | (2.9) | 3,04 | (4.0) | 301 | (100) | 47,611 | (100) |
| Black | 7 | (0.2) | 969 | (0.1) | – | – | – | – | 7 | (1.6) | 969 | 1.3) | – | – | – | – |
| Any other ethnic group | 1 | (0.0) | 475 | (0.1) | – | – | – | – | 1 | (0.2) | 475 | (0.6) | – | – | – | – |
| Unknown | 6 | (0.1) | 994 | (0.2) | – | – | – | – | 6 | (1.4) | 994 | (1.3) | – | – | – | – |
| Tobacco smoking status | ||||||||||||||||
| Current smoker | 1,677 | (40.5) | 156,467 | (23.9) | 1,418 | (41.7) | 130,871 | (24.6) | 61 | (13.7) | 6,411 | (8.4) | 198 | (65.8) | 19,185 | (40.3) |
| Former smoker | 1,594 | (38.5) | 185,006 | (28.2) | 1,296 | (38.1) | 149,472 | (28.1) | 280 | (63.1) | 33,651 | (44.0) | 18 | (6.0) | 1,883 | (4.0) |
| Never smoker | 872 | (21.0) | 314,032 | (47.9) | 684 | (20.1) | 251,114 | (47.3) | 103 | (23.2) | 36,375 | 47.6) | 85 | (28.2) | 26,543 | (55.7) |
| Staging | ||||||||||||||||
| Non–invasive | 1,196 | (28.9) | – | – | 1,196 | (35.2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Invasive | 661 | (16.0) | – | – | 661 | (19.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Unknown | 2,286 | (55.2) | – | – | 1,541 | (45.4) | – | – | 444 | (100) | – | – | 301 | (100) | – | – |
| Continent | ||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 3,398 | (82.0) | 531,457 | (81.1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| America | 444 | (10.7) | 76,437 | (11.7) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Asia | 301 | (7.3) | 47,611 | (7.3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |