Table 4.
All Countries | Europe | America | Asia | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||||
Food category (number of studies) | Ca N |
Co N |
Ca N |
Co N |
Ca N |
Co N |
Ca N |
Co N |
Ca N |
Co N |
Ca N |
Co N |
Ca N |
Co N |
Ca N |
Co N |
Case–control studies | ||||||||||||||||
Milk and milk products (13) [10–17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26] | 4,734 | 9,251 | 1,388 | 7,442 | 1,231 | 1,514 | 266 | 783 | 2,838 | 7,005 | 962 | 6,464 | 665 | 732 | 160 | 195 |
Eggs and eggs products (11) [10–13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26] | 4,299 | 6,531 | 1,255 | 3,974 | 1,230 | 1,512 | 265 | 781 | 2,436 | 4,141 | 839 | 3,034 | 633 | 605 | 151 | 159 |
Meat and meat products (12) [10–13, 15–17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26] | 4,699 | 9235 | 1,377 | 7,716 | 1,231 | 1,513 | 265 | 783 | 2,833 | 7,114 | 961 | 6,774 | 635 | 608 | 151 | 159 |
Fish and fish products (11) [11–13, 15–17, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26] | 3,197 | 7,391 | 960 | 7,144 | 1,229 | 1,511 | 265 | 781 | 1,335 | 5,275 | 544 | 6,204 | 633 | 605 | 151 | 159 |
Fats and oils (7) [10–13, 16, 19, 26] | 2,299 | 2,292 | 634 | 984 | 371 | 500 | 94 | 419 | 1,689 | 1,559 | 484 | 506 | 239 | 233 | 56 | 59 |
Grain and grain products (11) [10–13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 26] | 4,050 | 8,481 | 1,209 | 7,404 | 574 | 721 | 94 | 424 | 2,841 | 7,153 | 964 | 6,821 | 635 | 607 | 151 | 159 |
Pulses, seeds and nut products (8) [11–13, 16, 19, 23, 25, 26] | 2,108 | 4,255 | 715 | 3,270 | 371 | 499 | 94 | 421 | 1,106 | 3,151 | 470 | 2,690 | 631 | 605 | 151 | 159 |
Vegetables (13) [10–13, 15–17, 19–21, 23, 25, 26] | 4,942 | 10,086 | 1,403 | 8,648 | 1,429 | 1,727 | 265 | 783 | 2,881 | 7,754 | 987 | 7,706 | 632 | 605 | 151 | 159 |
Fruit and fruit products (13) [10–13, 15–17, 19–21, 23, 25, 26] | 4,860 | 9,307 | 1,376 | 7,615 | 1,414 | 1,713 | 265 | 781 | 2,814 | 6,989 | 960 | 6,675 | 632 | 605 | 151 | 159 |
Sugar products (7) [12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26] | 1,613 | 3,438 | 582 | 3,020 | 446 | 591 | 105 | 463 | 935 | 2,615 | 421 | 2,499 | 232 | 232 | 56 | 58 |
Beverages (18) [10–27] | 5,509 | 10193 | 1,538 | 7,640 | 1,814 | 2,269 | 357 | 926 | 3,030 | 7,192 | 1,021 | 6,519 | 665 | 732 | 160 | 195 |
Cohort studies | ||||||||||||||||
Milk and milk products (6) [28–34] | 2,615 | 184,424 | 1,159 | 422,716 | 2,495 | 146,183 | 835 | 384,864 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 2,488 | 10 | 4,110 |
Eggs and eggs products (6) [28–34] | 2,585 | 184,284 | 1,147 | 421,392 | 2,465 | 146,039 | 823 | 383,535 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 2,492 | 10 | 4,115 |
Meat and meat products (6) [28–34] | 2,614 | 184,420 | 1,156 | 422,122 | 2,494 | 146,171 | 832 | 384,262 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 2,496 | 10 | 4,118 |
Fish and fish products (6) [28–34] | 2,613 | 184,406 | 1,157 | 421,976 | 2,493 | 146,157 | 833 | 384,116 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 2,496 | 10 | 4,118 |
Fats and oils (6) [28–34] | 2,527 | 181,544 | 1,130 | 421,335 | 2,420 | 146,029 | 810 | 384,710 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 21 | 1,762 | 6 | 2,883 |
Grain and grain products (6) [28–34] | 2,618 | 184,446 | 1,158 | 422,738 | 2,498 | 146,194 | 834 | 384,876 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 24,99 | 10 | 4,120 |
Pulses, seeds and nut products (6) [28–34] | 2,563 | 184,228 | 1,143 | 420,368 | 2,443 | 145,984 | 819 | 382,512 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 2,491 | 10 | 4,114 |
Vegetables (6) [28–34] | 2,616 | 184,432 | 1,157 | 422,236 | 2,496 | 146,184 | 833 | 384,376 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 2495 | 10 | 4118 |
Fruit and fruit products (6) [28–34] | 2,607 | 184,416 | 1,155 | 421,526 | 2,487 | 146,170 | 831 | 383,666 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 34 | 2493 | 10 | 4118 |
Sugar products (5) [28–30, 32–34] | 2,556 | 181,860 | 1,143 | 417,615 | 2,470 | 146,107 | 829 | 383,873 | 86 | 35,753 | 314 | 33,742 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Beverages (6) [28–34] | 2,630 | 187,445 | 1,172 | 424,778 | 2,497 | 146,190 | 835 | 384,868 | 99 | 38,760 | 327 | 35,793 | 34 | 2495 | 10 | 4117 |
Abbreviations: Ca cases, Co controls, N number