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. 2016 Jul 6;10:309. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00309

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Copyright © 2016 Norton and Scharff.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Boxplot of frequency-normalized root-mean-square deviation (FRMSD) of note onsets to pulse^S for all undirected (left in each box) and directed song chunks (right in each box, e.g., “4042dir”) of 9 birds. Outliers are marked by crosses. There was no significant difference in FRMSD between undirected and directed song (LMM; p > 0.05 for all 9 birds). Note that FRMSD increases with the number of notes in the chunk (Supplementary Figure 3), which was accounted for in the linear mixed model.