Table 1.

Macrophage phenotypes and functions

	Macrophage phenotypes
	M1	M2a	M2b	M2c
Stimuli	IFN-ᵧ + LPS, TNF-ɑ	IL-4, IL-13	Immune complexes + TLR/IL-1R ligands	IL-10, TGF-β, glucocorticoids
Surface marker	MHC II, CD16/32, CD80, CD86, IL-1R, IL-12, IL-23	MHC II, CCR2, mannose receptor, Dectin-1, DC-SIGN, MGL1/2, IL-1RII YM1/2, Fizz1	MHC II, FcgR1, CD80, CD86	cd150, cd163, stabilin-1, IL-1RA, mannose receptor
Secretion profile	TNF-ɑ, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, ROS, iNOS, NO	CCL13, CCL14, CCL17, CCL18, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL26, TGF-β, PDGF, fibronectin, bIG-H3, IGF-1, MMP-9, MMP-12, Arginase-1,	IL-1, IL-6, TNF-ɑ, IL-10, IL-12	IL-10, TGF-β, mannose receptor, Arginase-1
Phenotypic function	Host defense, proinflammatory Th1 immune response	Anti-inflammatory Th2 immune response, wound healing, profibrotic	Immunoregulation, Th2 activation	Immunosuppression, matrix remodeling, tissue repair