TABLE 1.
Summary of Select Nanoparticle Applications in Nuclear Cardiovascular Imaging
| Imaging target | Particle type | Mean diameter | Targeting strategy | Labeling agent | Imaging modality | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ischemic myocardium | Polymeric micelles | 7–20 nm | Passive | 111In | γ-camera | 5 |
| Chitosan nanoparticles | 100–150 nm | Passive | 99mTc | ARG | 6 | |
| Ischemic brain | Liposomes | 210 nm | Passive | 18F | PET | 7 |
| Angiogenesis | Dendrimers | 12 nm (prelabeling) | RGD peptide (binds αvβ3) | 76Br | PET/CT | 9 |
| Comblike polymeric nanoparticles | 22 nm | C-type atrial natriuretic factor | 64Cu | PET/CT | 14 | |
| Gold nanoparticles | 22 nm | RGD peptide (binds αvβ3) | 99mTc, gold | SPECT/CT | 10 | |
| Perfluorocarbon emulsion | 270 nm | Nonpeptide αvβ3 antagonist | 99mTc, Gd3+, fluorophores | SPECT/CT/MR | 11 | |
| Single-walled carbon nanotubes | 1–5 × 100–300 nm | RGD peptide (binds αvβ3) | 64Cu, carbon nanotubes | PET, Raman spectroscopy (ex vivo) | 12 | |
| Polymer-coated UCNPs (NaGdF4: Yb3+/Er3+) | 32 nm | RGD peptide (binds αvβ3) | 124I, UCNP | PET/MR, upconversion luminescence (ex vivo) | 13 | |
| Blood pool | Dendrimers | 12 nm | Passive | 99mTc, TIBA | SPECT/CT | 15 |
| Cross-linked dextran shells/iron oxide cores | 20 nm (base particle) | Passive | 18F, iron oxide, fluorophores | PET/CT/MR, fluorescence (ex vivo) | 16 | |
| Core-shell star copolymers | 25–70 nm | Passive | 64Cu | PET/CT | 17 | |
| Atheromata | LDL | 20 nm | Apolipoproteins (bind LDL receptor) | 123I | γ-camera | 19 |
| Reconstituted HDL particles with QD/iron oxide cores | 8–12 nm | Apolipoproteins (bind HDL receptor) | 59Fe, CdSE/CdS/ZnS QDs, iron oxide | MR, fluorescence, γ-counter (ex vivo) | 22 | |
| Atheromata (intraplaque inflammation) | Dendrimers | NA | LyP-1 peptide (binds macrophages) | 64Cu, fluorophores | PET/CT, fluorescence (ex vivo) | 24 |
| Comblike polymer nanoparticles | 15 nm | DAPTA (modified peptide, binds chemokine receptor-5) | 64Cu | PET/CT | 25 | |
| Dextran nanoparticles | 13 nm | Passive | 89Zr, fluorophores | PET/MR, ARG, fluorescence (ex vivo) | 26 | |
| Cardiac allografts (graft inflammation) | Cross-linked dextran shells/iron oxide cores | 20 nm | Passive | 64Cu, iron oxide, fluorophores | PET/CT, ARG, fluorescence (ex vivo) | 29 |
| Aortic aneurysms (mural inflammation) | Cross-linked dextran shells/iron oxide cores | 20 nm (base particle) | Passive | 18F, iron oxide, fluorophores | PET/CT, ARG, fluorescence (ex vivo) | 30 |
UCNP = upconversion nanophosphor; TIBA = 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; QD = quantum dot; NA = not available; ARG = autoradiography.