Figure 1.

Cadmium (Cd) activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs). (A) Representative blots of IκBα protein samples from HRGECs treated with 4 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) evaluated at different time-points. GAPDH was used as loading control. (B) The densitometry analysis of IκBα/GAPDH blots. n=4; NS, not significant; ^*p<0.05; ^**p<0.01 vs. control. (C) Immunofluoresence staining of p65 in an HRGEC monolayer treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control) and 4 µM CdCl₂ for 24 h.