Table 2.
Fold difference of plasma amino acids and amino acid derivatives in diabetic UCD-T2DM rats relative to prediabetic UCD-T2DM rats
| Parameter | D2W | D3M | D6M |
|---|---|---|---|
| Branched-chain amino acids and derivatives | |||
| Isoleucine | 0.99 (0.85, 1.13) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.28) | 1.29 (1.08, 1.51)* |
| Leucine | 0.96 (0.82, 1.09) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 1.24 (1.05, 1.43)* |
| Valine | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.25) | 1.30 (1.15, 1.53)* |
| 2-KIC | 0.99 (0.79, 1.32) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.9)* | 0.64 (0.51, 0.87)* |
| Gluconeogenic amino acids | |||
| Alanine | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.69 (0.6, 0.78)* | 0.66 (0.57, 0.77)* |
| Asparagine | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.76 (0.66, 0.88)* | 0.73 (0.61, 0.88)* |
| Aspartic acid | 1.00 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.94 (0.8, 1.12) | 0.74 (0.59, 1.09) |
| Cysteine | 1.21 (0.99, 1.63) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.42) | 0.75 (0.56, 1.14) |
| Glutamate | 0.99 (0.81, 1.32) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.97) | 0.68 (0.54, 0.9)* |
| Glutamine | 1.05 (0.92, 1.24) | 0.81 (0.68, 0.97)* | 0.69 (0.58, 0.82)* |
| Glycine | 0.92 (0.82, 1.02) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.92)* | 0.59 (0.51, 0.65)* |
| Histidine | 0.96 (0.76, 1.32) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.12) | 0.76 (0.6, 1.06) |
| Methionine | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.9)* | 0.82 (0.75, 0.95)* |
| Proline | 0.49 (0.28, 0.97) | 0.68 (0.41, 1.39) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.47) |
| Serine | 0.95 (0.82, 1.1) | 0.68 (0.6, 0.77)* | 0.6 (0.53, 0.7)* |
| Gluconeogenic and ketogenic amino acids | |||
| Phenylalanine | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.98) | 0.89 (0.8, 1.03) |
| Threonine | 0.95 (0.83, 1.1) | 0.60 (0.54, 0.66)* | 0.61 (0.54, 0.69)* |
| Tryptophan | 1.03 (0.9, 1.17) | 0.78 (0.67, 0.93)* | 0.63 (0.54, 0.72)* |
| Tyrosine | 1.15 (0.95, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.25) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.14) |
| Other amino acids and derivatives | |||
| Lysine | 0.99 (0.82, 1.17) | 0.83 (0.67, 1) | 0.75 (0.59, 0.91)* |
| Arginine + ornithine | 0.78 (0.54, 1.14) | 0.56 (0.41, 0.78)* | 0.65 (0.45, 0.97)* |
| Citrulline | 1.13 (0.98, 1.39) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.37) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.33) |
| Ornithine | 0.82 (0.62, 1.14) | 0.60 (0.46, 0.83)* | 0.68 (0.5, 0.94)* |
| 2-HB | 1.24 (1.06, 1.52)* | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.2) |
Data are mean fold difference (95% CI) of UCD-T2DM rats at 2 wk (D2W; n = 9), 3 mo (D3M; n = 14), and 6 mo (D6M; n = 10) post-onset of diabetes relative to prediabetic UCD-T2DM rats (n = 8).
2-KIC, 2-ketoisocaproic acid; 2-HB, 2-hydroxybutanoic acid. CIs are adjusted bootstrap percentile (BCa) intervals.
*
Values that are significantly different (P < 0.05) from prediabetic UCD-T2DM rats (Dunnett's test).