. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Behav Med. 2016 Aug;50(4):523–532. doi: 10.1007/s12160-016-9777-9

Table 4.

Association between baseline lifestyle behaviors and 5-year change in depressive symptoms

	Mean Increase in Depressive Symptoms

Predictor^a	B^b (95% CI)	P-value
Less Physical Activity (Per 1-Unit Decrease)
Model 1	0.742 (0.509, 0.976)	<0.001
Model 2	0.592 (0.362, 0.822)	<0.001
Model 3	0.129 (−0.068, 0.325)	0.20

Lower Medication Adherence (Per 1-Unit Decrease)
Model 1	0.814 (0.284, 1.343)	0.003
Model 2	0.659 (0.145, 1.174)	0.01
Model 3	0.206 (−0.218, 0.630)	0.34

Higher Body Mass Index (Per 1-Unit Increase)
Model 1	0.130 (0.054, 0.206)	<0.001
Model 2	0.102 (0.026, 0.178)	0.009
Model 3	0.037 (−0.025, 0.099)	0.25

Higher Waist-to-Hip Ratio (Per 1-Unit Increase)
Model 1	4.921 (−0.713, 10.556)	0.09
Model 2	4.846 (−0.628, 10.321)	0.08
Model 3	1.074 (−3.518, 5.666)	0.65

Poorer Sleep Quality (Per 1-Unit Decrease)
Model 1	1.474 (1.126, 1.821)	<0.001
Model 2	1.348 (1.012, 1.684)	<0.001
Model 3	0.201 (−0.113, 0.515)	0.21

Smoker (vs. Non-Smoker)
Model 1	2.306 (1.240, 3.371)	<0.001
Model 2	1.292 (0.201, 2.384)	0.02
Model 3	0.788 (−0.104, 1.680)	0.08

Model 1 was unadjusted, except the analysis for waist-to-hip ratio was adjusted for sex. Model 2 adjusted for demographics: Age, sex, White race, high school graduate, and annual household income < $20,000. Model 3 adjusted for demographics, left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and baseline depressive symptoms as a continuous variable. Analyses for physical activity and medication adherence also adjusted for history of revascularization, whereas analyses for BMI and WHR included additional adjustment for hypertension.

The unstandardized B coefficient refers to the mean change in depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score) across the 5-year period, for each 1-unit difference in baseline lifestyle behaviors or for smokers vs. non-smokers.