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. 2016 Jan 5;22(2):390–399. doi: 10.1111/adb.12334

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Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Addiction Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Chemical structure of the compounds tested in this study. (a) Δ⁹‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), (b) JWH‐018, (c) AM2201 and (d) XLR‐11. Lower panel shows the total number of reports of the tested Spice compounds from the US National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS). Note the decline in reports of AM2201 and JWH‐018 and the marked rise in reports of XLR‐11 between 2012 and 2013. [Colour figure can be viewed at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com]