Table 2.

Selected redox homoeostasis processes associated with exercise and ageing proposed to play an important role in muscle homoeostasis

Process	Ageing-associated consequences	Proposed mechanism
Muscle contraction	Increased oxidation of contractile proteins; disrupted fatty acid oxidation due to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria	Changes in mitochondrial activity (Gerhart-Hines et al. 2007; Carnio et al. 2014)
	Disrupted autophagy resulting in defective regeneration and myofibre atrophy	Activation of autophagy (Sandri 2010; Tang and Rando 2014; Garcia-Prat et al. 2016)
Neuromuscular function	Disrupted redox balance resulting in myofibre atrophy, NMJ degeneration	SOD1 activity (Sakellariou et al. 2014a)
Satellite cell function	Disrupted protection against excessive ROS and DNA damage resulting in disrupted quiescence of satellite cells and their niche resulting in defective regeneration	Activity of antioxidant enzymes (Pallafacchina et al. 2010)
Senescence	Oxidative stress and deterioration in muscle regeneration satellite cell senescence	ROS production in satellite cells (Garcia-Prat et al. 2016)