Table 1.

Key human epidemiological studies reporting metabolic outcomes in second-generation (F2) offspring

Study	Population	F2 generation outcome
Immediate postnatal outcomes only in F2 generations
Alwasel et al. (2013)	F2 offspring whose mothers were in utero during Ramadan (Tunisia)	Decreased birthweight Lower ponderal index Lower placental weight
Stein and Lumey (2000)	F2 offspring whose mothers were exposed to the Dutch hunger winter in utero (Netherlands)	Decreased birthweight
Rickard et al. (2012)	F2 offspring whose mothers were in utero during seasons of poor nutrition (Gambia)	Variable effects on birthweight, depending on years of study
Early adulthood outcomes ± immediate postnatal outcomes in F2 generation
Bygren et al. (2014)	F2 offspring whose grandparents underwent sharp changes in their food intake between consecutive years (Sweden)	Increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in female F2 offspring (dependent on F0 paternal grandmother’s food intake—no effect with any other grandparent)
Painter et al. (2008)	F2 offspring of F1 parents who were in utero during the Dutch Hunger, compared to offspring whose parents were in utero before or after the famine. F2 outcomes reported in interviews with F1 study participants (Netherlands)	Decreased birth length and increased ponderal index No effect on birthweight Increased incidence of poor health later in life
Veenendaal et al. (2013)	F2 offspring of F1 parents who were in utero during the Dutch Hunger, compared to offspring whose parents were in utero before or after the famine. (Netherlands)	Higher adult body weight (F1 father exposed only) Higher BMI (F1 father exposed only)
Li et al. (2015)	F2 offspring of parents who were in utero during Chinese famine 1959–1962 (China)	No effect on cognitive function in adulthood