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Changes in Em are upstream from activation of voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. Luminal diameter (A) was reduced by PP and reduced further by PQ (10−6 mol/l), but this was largely prevented by nifedipine (10−6 mol/l). Em (B) was reduced by PP or PQ (10−6 mol/l) (implying depolarization), but these effects were unchanged by nifedipine (10−6 mol/l). ***P < 0.005 compared with vehicle; †††P < 0.005 compared with PQ alone.
