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. 2016 Mar 21;95(8):853–859. doi: 10.1177/0022034516639920

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Illustrating with a directed acyclic graph, variables that are simultaneously confounders and mediators and the unintended consequences of adjusting for such variables. Jaw parafunction is both a mediator and a confounder. TMD, temporomandibular disorder.