Table 2.
Item | Detection timeframe | Roles | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
NGF and NT-3 | Detected 6 h AI | Neuron survival and regeneration AI | [208] |
| |||
BDNF | Detected 6 h AI, increases up to 6 weeks, and decreases 12 weeks AI | (i) M2 macrophage phenotype induction (ii) Production of several extracellular matrix proteins for tissue remodeling and repair, neurotrophic support, and axonal regeneration (iii) Increases growth, angiogenic, and axonal guidance factors |
[125, 150, 209, 210] |
| |||
aFGF | Detected 1 h AI, PL 5–7 days, and remains elevated up to 14–21 days AI | (i) Potent mitogenic and chemotactic agent for vascular endothelial cells, dermal fibroblasts, and epidermal keratinocytes (ii) Promotes Th2 cytokine and neurotrophic factor production and M2 response |
[209, 211] |
| |||
bFGF | Detected 1 h AI, PL at day 3, remains elevated 5–7 days, and returns to low levels 14–21 days AI | (i) Angiogenesis | [209] |
| |||
TGF-β | Detected at 24 h AI | (i) Immunosuppressant (ii) Tissue stabilization and structural preservation (iii) Neural regeneration and repair |
[212] |
min: minutes; AI: after injury; PL: peak levels.