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Predicted ppGpp levels upon general amino acid starvation. The charging level of the starved codons was set to be 0.02 during starvation. The percentages in the legend represent the usage of the starved amino acids, and the values for η indicate the strengths of the corresponding starvation signals. The prediction assumes that the toxins are released immediately upon starvation and that the reduction of mRNA half-lives by toxins is not modulated by the number of starved codons.
