. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Behav Med. 2015 Dec;49(6):802–808. doi: 10.1007/s12160-015-9715-2

Table 2. Association between Perceived Stress and Atrial Fibrillation (N=25,530).

	AF Cases	Model 1^* OR (95%CI)	P-value	Model 2^† OR (95%CI)	P-value
No Stress (PSS=0)	452/6,501	1.0	-	1.0	-
Low Stress (1≤ PSS ≤3)	638/8,616	1.12 (0.99, 1.27)	0.086	1.12 (0.98, 1.27)	0.094
Moderate Stress (4≤ PSS ≤5)	442/4,978	1.35 (1.18, 1.55)	<0.0001	1.27 (1.11, 1.47)	0.0007
High Stress (PSS > 5)	630/5,435	1.93 (1.70, 2.20)	<0.0001	1.60 (1.39, 1.84)	<0.0001
PSS per 1-unit increase	2,162/25,530	1.09 (1.08, 1.11)	<0.0001	1.06 (1.05, 1.09)	<0.0001

Adjusted for age, sex, race, education, income, and geographic region.

^†

Adjusted for Model 1 covariates with the addition of systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, exercise, alcohol consumption, depression, antihypertensive medications, lipid-lowering therapies, left ventricular hypertrophy, and prior cardiovascular disease.

CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; PSS, perceived stress scale.