Table 1.

Essential Metal Transport and Regulation

Metal	Gene	Function	Subcellular location	Reference
Copper	CTR1	Cu release from endosome	Plasma membrane	67
	CTR2	Cu release from endosome/from other cellular compartments	Intracellular compartments, plasma membrane	8, 68
	Metallothionine, GSH	Cu binding	Cytosol	12
	Ccs1	SOD1 Cu chaperone	Cytosol	10, 11
	Cox17	Cytochrome c Oxidase chaperone	Cytosol	12
	Cox 11, Sco1/2	Cytochrome c Oxidase chaperone	Membrane	12
	Atox1	Multifunctional Cu chaperone	Cytosol	13
	ATPase7A	Cu export	TGN or Basolateral membrane vesicles	69
	ATPase7B	Cu export	TGN or Apical membrane vesicles	69
Iron	Tf	Serum iron binding protein	Plasma membrane	21, 23
	DMT1	Fe transporter	Plasma membrane	25
	L-type Ca2+channels	Calcium Entry	Plasma membrane	26
	Hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163	Hemoglobin uptake	Plasma membrane	28
Manganese	DMT1	Fe transporter	Plasma membrane	25, 63
	Voltage-gated and store- operated calcium channels	Calcium entry	Plasma membrane	70
	Ionotropic glutamate receptor Ca channels	Calcium Entry	Plasma membrane	71
	Citrate Transporter	Citrate Transport	Plasma membrane	72
	Choline Transporter	Choline Transport	Plasma membrane	73, 74
	ZIP8/ZIP14	Zinc transport	Plasma membrane and intracellular organelles	75, 76
	HIP14 (Huntingtin-interacting protein 14)	Magnesium transporter	Cytoplasmic vesicle membranes and Golgi	77
	P-type transmembrane ATPase protein (ATP13A2)	Unknown	Plasma membrane	78
	Ferroportin	Fe exporter	Plasma membrane	79
Zinc	ZIP (Zrt-, Irt-like Protein)	Zinc transporter	Plasma membrane and intracellular organelles	80–82
	ZnT/CDF	Cation diffusion facilitator	Plasma membrane and surface of vesicles that mediate Zn trafficking into organelles	83, 84
	Human Cu transporter 1 (hCTR1)	Copper Transporter	Plasma membrane	6
	DMT1	Iron transporter	Plasma membrane	6
	Ionotropic glutamate receptor Ca channels	Calcium Entry	Plasma membrane	85