Table 2.
Nonessential Metal Transport and Regulation
| Metal | Gene | Function | Subcellular location | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | Monocarboxylate Transporter 6 (MCT6) |
Lactate/pyruvate transporter | Plasma membrane | 109 |
| Tf | Serum iron binding protein | Plasma membrane | 108 | |
| Xc- | Na-independent glutamate transporter |
Plasma membrane | 110 | |
| Arsenic | Aquaglyceroporins (AQPs) | Transport small uncharged molecules |
Plasma membrane | 114, 115, 117 |
| Glucose transporter isoform 1 (GLUT 1) and isoform 2 (GLUT 2) |
Glucose transport | Plasma membrane | 123–125 | |
| Cadmium | Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) |
Iron transporter | Plasma membrane | 134–136 |
| Zinc transporters (Zrt/Irt- related proteins (ZIP) |
Zinc transport | Plasma membrane | 142 | |
| Amino Acid or organic cation/anion transporters |
Transport of amino acid/cation/anions |
Plasma membrane | 143 | |
| Lead | DMT1 | Fe transporter | Plasma membrane | 137, 145, 152, 153 |
| Ca-ATPases | Ca export | Plasma membrane | 150 | |
| Calbindin | Calcium binding protein | Cytosol | 158 | |
| Voltage-gated and store- operated calcium channels |
Calcium entry | Plasma membrane | 155–157 | |
| Mercury | Neutral amino acid transport system –L type (LAT) |
Transport of neutral amino acids |
Plasma membrane | 162 |