Table 2.
Characteristics for all participants according to parental care and overprotection
| Father | Mother | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High care | Low care | Low over-protection | High over-protection | High care | Low care | Low over-protection | High over-protection | |
| (n = 363) | (n = 339) | (n = 327) | (n = 375) | (n = 358) | (n = 344) | (n = 337) | (n = 365) | |
| Sociodemographic and life style factors | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 59.7 (10.9) | 58.9 (11.2) | 59.1 (10.7) | 59.4 (11.4) | 59.4 (11.2) | 59.1 (10.9) | 60.3 (10.4) | 58.4 (11.5)* |
| Sex, male (%) | 28.1 | 48.1** | 33.3 | 41.6* | 30.7 | 45.1** | 32.6 | 42.4** |
| Marital status, without partner (%) | 20.1 | 18.6 | 18.7 | 20.0 | 17.3 | 21.5 | 19.3 | 19.5 |
| Educational level, under 10 years (%) | 11.8 | 15.0 | 11.6 | 14.9 | 10.6 | 16.3* | 12.5 | 14.3 |
| Subjective economic level, low-very low (%) | 15.2 | 26.6** | 14.7 | 25.9** | 13.7 | 27.9** | 16.0 | 24.9** |
| Occupation, unemployed (%) | 50.7 | 49.0 | 47.4 | 52.0 | 49.4 | 50.3 | 49.9 | 49.9 |
| Current smoking, yes (%) | 8.0 | 13.9* | 8.9 | 12.5 | 9.2 | 12.5 | 7.7 | 13.7* |
| Current drinking, yes (%) | 50.4 | 58.7* | 53.8 | 54.9 | 53.4 | 55.5 | 53.1 | 55.6 |
| Habitual exercise, yes (%) | 53.2 | 52.5 | 53.8 | 52.0 | 53.1 | 52.6 | 54.9 | 51.0 |
| Physical factors | ||||||||
| Obesity, BMI >25 (%) | 22.0 | 26.0 | 25.1 | 23.0 | 22.4 | 25.6 | 23.4 | 24.4 |
| Hypertension (%) | 41.3 | 42.2 | 39.5 | 43.7 | 40.8 | 42.7 | 41.5 | 41.9 |
| Diabetes (%) | 13.0 | 17.1 | 11.0 | 18.4** | 12.0 | 18.0* | 12.5 | 17.3 |
| Past history of cardiovascular diseases (%) | 11.3 | 15.9 | 10.7 | 16.0* | 11.5 | 15.7 | 11.3 | 15.6 |
| Past history of cancer (%) | 5.8 | 6.5 | 4.6 | 7.5 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 8.2* |
| Past history of respiratory diseases (%) | 13.0 | 16.5 | 12.5 | 16.5 | 13.4 | 16.0 | 12.8 | 16.4 |
| Past history of digestive diseases (%) | 16.5 | 25.4** | 15.3 | 25.6** | 17.9 | 23.8 | 19.3 | 22.2 |
| Current pain symptom (%) | 55.9 | 67.0** | 54.7 | 66.9** | 57.5 | 65.1* | 56.4 | 65.8* |
| Psychological factor | ||||||||
| Depression symptom, Score, median (IQR) | 2 (0–4) | 3 (1–6)** | 2 (0–4) | 3 (1–6)** | 2 (0–3) | 3 (1–6)* | 2 (0–4) | 3 (1–6)* |
Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg and/or use of an antihypertensive agent. Diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), and/or a 2-h post-loaded or causal glucose level of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), HbA1c (NGSP) ≥ 6.5 % and/or current use of insulin or oral glucose-lowering agents
Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg and/or use of an antihypertensive agent. Diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), and/or a 2-h post-loaded or causal glucose level of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), HbA1c (NGSP) ≥ 6.5 % and/or current use of insulin or oral glucose-lowering agents
Values were tested by t-test (for age), Chi-square test (for frequencies) or Mann-Whitney U-test (for depression)
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation [SD]), frequency or median