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. 2016 Jul 7;7:32. doi: 10.1186/s13293-016-0084-8

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Basal sex differences in cardiomyocyte performance suppressed with hypertrophy. a Representative records of myocyte shortening in male and female NHR and HHR cardiomyocytes. b–d Basal twitch amplitude (% shortening), maximum rate of shortening/lengthening are lower in female cardiomyocytes compared with males—an effect that is accentuated in NHR compared with HHR. e No sex difference was observed in Ca²⁺ transients, though a trend for lower Ca²⁺ transient amplitude was evident in female NHR cardiomyocytes (f). No sex difference was observed in cardiomyocyte diastolic Ca²⁺ levels or the time constant of Ca²⁺ transient decay (g, h). (*sex p < 0.05; p < 0.05; mean ± SEM; n = 8–13 cells from four to five hearts/group)