Table 1.
c-di-GMP effector systems
| Effector | Motif/domain | Organism | Mechanism | Regulated output | Reference (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alg44 | PilZ | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Protein-protein interaction | Production of alginate | Merighi et al. (2007), Oglesby et al. (2008) |
| MrkH | PilZ | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Transcriptional activation, DNA binding | Expression of type 3 flmbriae and biofllm formation | Wilksch et al. (2011) |
| PlzA | PilZ | Borrelia burgdorferi | Unknown | Motility, infectivity | Freedman et al. (2010), Pitzer et al. (2011) |
| DgrA | PilZ | Caulobacter crescentus | Protein-protein interaction | Motility | Christen et al. (2007) |
| BcsA | PilZ | Gluconacetobacter xylinus | Unknown | Cellulose synthase | Ryjenkov et al. (2006), Weinhouse et al. (1997) |
| PlzD | PilZ | Vibrio cholerae | Unknown | Motility, biofllm formation, virulence | Pratt et al. (2007) |
| FleQ | Unknown | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Derepression of pel operon | Biofllm formation | Hickman & Harwood (2008) |
| Clp | Unknown | Xanthomonas axonopodis | Inhibition of Clp-DNA binding | Likely virulence | (Leduc & Roberts 2009) |
| Clp | Interface between cyclic nucleotide binding and DNA binding domains | Xanthomonas campestris | Inhibition of Clp-DNA binding | Virulence | Chin et al. (2010), Tao et al. (2010) |
| Bcaml349 | Unknown | Burkholderia cenocepacia | Transcriptional regulation, c-di-GMP enhances DNA binding | Biofllm formation, virulence | Fazli et al. (2011) |
| FimX | EAL | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Conformational change | Twitching motility | Huang et al. (2003), Kazmierczak et al. (2006), Navarro et al. (2009), Qi et al. (2011) |
| PelD | RxxD | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Unknown | Exopolysaccharide production | Lee et al. (2007) |
| PopA | RxxD | Caulobacter crescentus | Localization to the pole | Cell cycle progression | Abel et al. (2011), Duerig et al. (2009) |
| PNPase | Unknown | Escherichia coli | Enhances PNPase activity | RNA processing | Tuckerman et al. (2011) |
| Vc2 Riboswitch Class I | GEMM | Vibrio cholerae | Conformational change | Gene expression | Kulshina et al. (2009), Smith et al. (2009), Sudarsan et al. (2008) |
| 84Cd Riboswitch Class II | Pseudoknot | Clostridium difficile | Triggers alternative splicing | Altered transcripts | Lee et al. (2010), Smith et al. (2011) |