Table 1.
Individual and Neighborhood Characteristics of Case and Control Participants
| Participants, No. (%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Case (n = 143) | Control (n = 155) | P Valuea |
| Individual | |||
|
| |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 18.4 (1.5) | 17.2 (2.1) | |
|
| |||
| 13-14 | 4 (2.8) | 24 (15.5) | <.001 |
|
| |||
| 15-16 | 11 (7.7) | 32 (20.6) | |
|
| |||
| 17-18 | 51 (35.7) | 46 (29.7) | |
|
| |||
| 19-20 | 77 (53.8) | 53 (34.2) | |
|
| |||
| Sex | |||
|
| |||
| Male | 137 (95.8) | 148 (95.5) | .89 |
|
| |||
| Female | 6 (4.2) | 7 (4.5) | |
|
| |||
| Race | |||
|
| |||
| White | 16 (11.2) | 60 (38.7) | <.001 |
|
| |||
| Black | 125 (87.4) | 86 (55.5) | |
|
| |||
| Other | 2 (1.4) | 7 (4.5) | |
|
| |||
| Ethnicity | |||
|
| |||
| Hispanic | 13 (9.1) | 24 (15.5) | .13 |
|
| |||
| Non-Hispanic | 122 (85.3) | 129 (83.2) | |
|
| |||
| History of arrest | |||
|
| |||
| None | 47 (32.9) | 130 (83.9) | <.001 |
|
| |||
| ≥1 | 96 (67.1) | 23 (14.8) | |
|
| |||
| Substance use at time of homicide | |||
|
| |||
| Alcohol use | 12 (8.4) | 10 (6.5) | .54 |
|
| |||
| Drug use | 25 (17.5) | 7 (4.5) | <.001 |
|
| |||
| Neighborhood | |||
|
| |||
| Household income, median (IQR), $ | 33 872 (26 444-47 030) | 36 395 (30 271-46 619) | .14 |
|
| |||
| Unemployment, median (IQR), % | 2.7 (2.2-3.8) | 3.1 (2.3-4.4) | .10 |
|
| |||
| Black, median (IQR), % | 52.6 (21.3-80.0) | 51.0 (25.3-75.9) | .83 |
|
| |||
| Hispanic, median (IQR), % | 5.1 (3.5-7.6) | 6.4 (3.7-14.8) | .007 |
|
| |||
| Total crimes/square mile, median (IQR) | 1321.6 (1078.7-1724.8) | 1044.5 (408.1-1594.91) | <.001 |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
a
Calculated using Wilcoxon rank-sum test for age, median household income, unemployment percentage, percentage of that population who are black, percentage of the population who are Hispanic, and total crimes and using χ2 test for race, sex, ethnicity, history of arrest, and substance use at time of homicide.