Table 3.
Building Conditions and Adolescent Homicide
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) |
OR (95% CI)a |
Fully AOR (95% CI)b |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homicide Case | Control | |||
| Property type | ||||
|
| ||||
| Residential | 96 (67.1) | 75 (48.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| Roughly equal mix | 16 (11.2) | 22 (14.2) | 0.64 (0.32-1.30) | 0.48 (0.11-2.00) |
|
| ||||
| Commercial | 19 (13.3) | 45 (29.0) | 0.39 (0.20-0.76) | 0.35 (0.10-1.15) |
|
| ||||
| Detached houses | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 119 (83.2) | 114 (73.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 visible | 12 (8.4) | 29 (18.7) | 0.35 (0.16-0.78) | 1.09 (0.25-4.85) |
|
| ||||
| Attached/row homes | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 15 (10.5) | 45 (29.0) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 visible | 116 (81.1) | 98 (63.2) | 4.53 (2.00-10.28) 4.71 (0.99-22.47) | |
|
| ||||
| Housing over storefronts | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 92 (64.3) | 105 (67.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 visible | 39 (27.3) | 38 (24.5) | 1.20 (0.70-2.04) | 0.40 (0.13-1.20) |
|
| ||||
| Building structural conditionc | 2.22 (1.49-3.33) | 1.74 (0.87-3.44) | ||
|
| ||||
| Broken/boarded-up windows | ||||
|
| ||||
| None | 69 (48.3) | 108 (69.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| 1 | 14 (9.8) | 10 (6.5) | 1.56 (0.55-4.43) | 1.53 (0.32-7.30) |
|
| ||||
| Multiple | 47 (32.9) | 19 (12.3) | 3.60 (1.74-7.46) | 2.24 (0.61-8.14) |
|
| ||||
| Security bars/gratings on houses | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 48 (33.6) | 94 (60.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 visible | 78 (54.6) | 32 (20.7) | 6.67(3.00-14.84) | 9.23 (2.45-34.80) |
|
| ||||
| Security bars/gratings on businesses | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 36 (25.2) | 63 (40.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 visible | 42 (29.4) | 28 (18.1) | 1.94 (0.82-4.58) | Unable to calculate |
|
| ||||
| Pull-down metal fencing on business | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 41 (28.7) | 67 (43.2) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 visible | 49 (34.3) | 26 (16.8) | 2.02 (0.97-4.18) | 0.04 (0-79.3) |
|
| ||||
| Security fences | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 44 (30.8) | 49 (31.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 visible | 87 (60.8) | 94 (60.7) | 1.03 (0.60-1.75) | 0.79 (0.31-2.04) |
|
| ||||
| Furniture on street porches and sidewalk |
||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 73 (51.1) | 108 (69.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 item visible | 58 (40.6) | 35 (22.6) | 2.29 (1.28-4.09) | 2.01 (0.71-5.66) |
|
| ||||
| Murals | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 111 (77.6) | 124 (80) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| Any visible | 20 (14.0) | 19 (12.3) | 0.92 (0.44-1.94) | 0.42 (0.11-1.48) |
|
| ||||
| Graffiti | ||||
|
| ||||
| None visible | 76 (53.2) | 87 (56.1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| Any visible | 55 (38.5) | 51 (32.9) | 1.58 (0.85-2.92) | 0.95 (0.31-2.89) |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio.
a
Odds ratio from conditional logistic regression matched on sex, hour of the day, and indoor/outdoor status.
b
Adjusted ORs additionally adjusted for individual factors (age, race, history of arrest, and alcohol and drug use at time of homicide) and location factors (percentage of the population who are black, percentage of the population who are Hispanic, median household income, unemployment, and total nongun crimes).
c
Odds ratio related to 1-point increase in mean structural condition scale (1 = very well kept to 4 = poor).