Table 4.
Natural Surroundings and Adolescent Homicide
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) |
OR (95% CI)a |
Fully AOR (95% CI)b |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homicide Case | Control | |||
| Park | ||||
|
| ||||
| None | 122 (85.3) | 123 (79.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 | 7 (4.9) | 16 (10.3) | 0.45 (0.16-1.27) | 0.09 (0.01-0.88) |
|
| ||||
| Playground | ||||
|
| ||||
| None | 115 (80.4) | 128 (82.6) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 | 15 (10.5) | 15 (9.7) | 0.99 (0.44-2.22) | 1.00 (0.23-4.32) |
|
| ||||
| Neglected vacant lot | ||||
|
| ||||
| None | 111 (77.6) | 120 (77.4) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 | 20 (14.0) | 23 (14.8) | 1.12 (0.57-2.20) | 0.70 (0.21-2.31) |
|
| ||||
| Maintained vacant lot | ||||
|
| ||||
| None | 111 (77.6) | 127 (81.9) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 | 20 (14.0) | 16 (10.3) | 1.31 (0.59-2.90) | 0.17 (0.03-0.81) |
|
| ||||
| Planted trees | ||||
|
| ||||
| None to sparse | 34 (23.8) | 26 (16.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| Moderate to dense | 97 (67.8) | 117 (75.5) | 0.65 (0.35-1.22) | 0.49 (0.16-1.50) |
|
| ||||
| Public bushes or plantings | ||||
|
| ||||
| None | 104 (72.7) | 94 (60.7) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 | 24 (16.8) | 37 (23.9) | 0.56 (0.30-1.05) | 0.76 (0.22-2.71) |
|
| ||||
| Private bushes or plantings | ||||
|
| ||||
| None | 55 (38.5) | 54 (34.8) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||
| ≥1 | 70 (49.0) | 72 (46.5) | 1.01 (0.59-1.71) | 3.44 (1.18-10.01) |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; OR, odds ratio.
a
Odds ratio from conditional logistic regression matched on sex, hour of the day, and indoor/outdoor status.
b
Adjusted ORs additionally adjusted for individual factors (age, race, history of arrest, and alcohol and drug use at time of homicide) and location factors (percentage of the population who are black, percentage of the population who are Hispanic, median household income, unemployment, and total nongun crimes).