Figure 1.

Modulation of host actin cytoskeletal organization by P. syringae is T3SS system-dependent. Actin filament organization in 10-d-old Col-0/GFP-fABD2 cotyledons after pathogen inoculation was monitored at 24 h by laser scanning confocal microscopy. A, Pst DC3000; B, Pst DC3000 D28E; C, Pst DC3000 ΔhrcC. Seedlings were inoculated with Pst DC3000 strains at a concentration of 3 × 10⁷ colony-forming units (cfu) ml⁻¹. Micrographs shown are representative of collected images. Error bars represent mean ± se from the skewness and density values of three independent biological replicates (n = 87–90 z-series projections per treatment). Statistical significance was determined using a Student’s t-test, as compared to mock treatment. **, P < 0.001. Bar = 20 μm.