Table 2. Univariate and multivariate risk factor analyses for infections caused Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, data available in S2 Table.
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Univariate analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio [OR] | 95% CI | p-value | Odds ratio [OR] | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Male gender | 1.15 | 0.59–2.23 | 0.68 | 1.01 | 0.68–1.50 | 0.96 | |||
Age group1 | 0.74 | 0.52–1.06 | 0.10 | 1.11 | 0.90–1.39 | 0.33 | |||
Location of residence | |||||||||
In Siem Reap town | 1.13 | 0.52–2.47 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.45–1.24 | 0.26 | |||
Outside Siem Reap town | 0.79 | 0.37–1.68 | 0.54 | 1.32 | 0.80–2.16 | 0.28 | |||
Risk factors | |||||||||
Clinical syndromes | |||||||||
Diarrhoea | 1.15 | 0.58–2.29 | 0.69 | 1.01 | 0.67–1.54 | 0.95 | |||
Abdominal pain duration | 1.00 | 0.47–2.14 | 1.00 | 1.51 | 0.94–2.14 | 0.09 | |||
Anaemia Hb (g/dL) if present | 1.05 | 0.39–2.80 | 0.92 | 0.69 | 0.36–1.32 | 0.26 | |||
Malnutrition | 4.84 | 2.00–11.70 | <0.0001 | 9.63 | 1.67–55.46 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 0.25–1.55 | 0.31 |
Presence of wasting | 4.13 | 1.55–10.99 | 0.005 | 0.28 | 0.04–2.11 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 0.17–1.45 | 0.20 |
Chronic medical diagnoses | 5.4 | 2.31–12.63 | <0.0001 | 4.51 | 1.79–11.34 | 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.08–0.84 | 0.02 |
Domestic animals at home | 0.76 | 0.37–1.56 | 0.46 | 0.90 | 0.58–1.41 | 0.64 | |||
Cat | 0.88 | 0.44–1.74 | 0.70 | 1.02 | 0.68–1.53 | 0.91 | |||
Dog | 0.51 | 0.26–0.99 | 0.05 | 0.93 | 0.62–1.40 | 0.72 | |||
Birds | 3.02 | 1.23–7.39 | 0.016 | 2.99 | 1.16–7.73 | 0.02 | 0.82 | 0.38–1.78 | 0.61 |
Livestock at home | 0.67 | 0.34–1.30 | 0.24 | 0.91 | 0.60–1.39 | 0.67 | |||
Water buffalo | - | - | - | 1.11 | 0.34–3.61 | 0.86 | |||
Chickens | 0.88 | 0.45–1.72 | 0.72 | 0.86 | 0.58–1.28 | 0.46 | |||
Pigs | 0.44 | 0.13–1.47 | 0.18 | 0.95 | 0.55–1.65 | 0.85 | |||
Cattle | 0.49 | 0.20–1.20 | 0.12 | 1.10 | 0.70–1.71 | 0.69 | |||
Ducks | 6.19 | 0.55–69.86 | 0.14 | - | - | - | |||
Main source of drinking water | |||||||||
River | 1.43 | 0.48–4.26 | 0.52 | 0.95 | 0.45–2.01 | 0.90 | |||
Rain | - | - | - | 1.08 | 0.44–2.65 | 0.86 | |||
Well | 0.65 | 0.31–1.39 | 0.27 | 1.39 | 0.82–2.35 | 0.23 | |||
bottled | 1.71 | 0.49–5.98 | 0.40 | 0.68 | 0.25–1.85 | 0.45 | |||
City | 0.34 | 0.05–2.54 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 0.22–1.36 | 0.20 | |||
Pond | 1.89 | 0.62–5.71 | 0.26 | 0.96 | 0.42–2.21 | 0.93 | |||
Water available at house | 1.21 | 0.49–2.98 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.39–1.04 | 0.07 | |||
Ever wash hands with soap after defecation | 1.02 | 0.67–1.55 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 0.58–0.95 | 0.02 | |||
Do not wash hands with soap after defecation | 0.92 | 0.39–2.16 | 0.85 | 1.97 | 1.23–3.15 | 0.005 | |||
Place of defaecation | |||||||||
Toilet | 1.28 | 0.66–2.51 | 0.47 | 0.78 | 0.53–1.17 | 0.23 | |||
Forest | 0.69 | 0.33–1.46 | 0.33 | 1.13 | 0.75–1.72 | 0.56 | |||
Farm | 0.37 | 0.13–1.07 | 0.07 | 0.72 | 0.44–1.18 | 0.19 | |||
Outside house | 0.74 | 0.34–1.60 | 0.45 | 0.93 | 0.60–1.45 | 0.75 | |||
In the river | 1.43 | 0.48–4.26 | 0.52 | 0.95 | 0.45–2.01 | 0.90 | |||
Wears shoes | 0.51 | 0.24–1.08 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.46–1.28 | 0.31 | |||
Goes to school | 0.73 | 0.09–6.07 | 0.77 | 0.93 | 0.38–2.78 | 0.93 |
1Study participants were subdivided into five age groups for analysis: neonates (≤28 days); infants (29 days-<1 year); 1–5 years; 6–10 years and 11–16 years, none of these ages were significant in the analyses
Significant values are shown in bold (p<0.05)