Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study individuals according to periodontal disease.
| Periodontitis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | P value* | No | Yes | P value* | |
| Male | Female | |||||
| Unweighted n | 3971 | 2745 | 7321 | 2693 | ||
| Age (years) | 39.15±0.32 | 50.42±0.36 | <0.0001 | 41.77±0.29 | 54.51±0.37 | <0.0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 70.88±0.22 | 68.95±0.26 | <0.0001 | 57.07±0.13 | 58.23±0.23 | <0.0001 |
| Height (m) | 1.715±0.001 | 1.69±0.002 | <0.0001 | 1.581±0.001 | 1.552±0.002 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.05±0.06 | 24.09±0.08 | 0.6839 | 22.85±0.06 | 24.19±0.1 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.53±0.2 | 85±0.21 | <0.0001 | 76.64±0.18 | 81.53±0.31 | <0.0001 |
| Consumption of coffee | <0.0001 | 0.1485 | ||||
| ≤ Once per month | 16.7(0.7) | 11.2(0.7) | 18.3(0.6) | 19.5(0.9) | ||
| Once per month<x≤3 times per week | 7.4(0.5) | 5.5(0.5) | 8(0.4) | 7.6(0.6) | ||
| Three times per week<x≤6 times per week | 12.5(0.6) | 10.4(0.7) | 13.4(0.5) | 11.1(0.7) | ||
| Once per day | 20.8(0.8) | 20.1(0.9) | 27.3(0.6) | 28.8(1.1) | ||
| Twice per day | 18.7(0.7) | 23.3(1) | 20.5(0.6) | 20.3(1) | ||
| Three or more per day | 23.9(0.8) | 29.5(1.2) | 12.4(0.5) | 12.6(0.8) | ||
| Consumption of carbonated beverage | <0.0001 | - | ||||
| ≤ Once per month | 44.9(1) | 62.4(1.2) | 66(0.8) | 78.2(1) | ||
| Once per month<x≤3 times per week | 28.6(0.8) | 23.1(1) | 22.8(0.7) | 16.2(0.8) | ||
| Three times per week<x≤6 times per week | 22.3(0.9) | 12.9(0.9) | 9.6(0.5) | 5.0(0.5) | ||
| Once per day | 3.7(0.4) | 1.4(0.3) | 1.3(0.2) | 0.5(0.2) | ||
| Twice per day | 0.5(0.1) | 0.1(0.1) | 0.2(0.1) | - | ||
| Three or more per day | 0(0) | 0.1(0.1) | 0.1(0.0) | - | ||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2401.3±19.2 | 2285.3±23 | <0.0001 | 1689.9±10 | 1576.6±15.6 | <0.0001 |
| Percentage fat in total energy intake (%) | 20.12±0.18 | 17.39±0.22 | <0.0001 | 17.9±0.14 | 14.38±0.19 | <0.0001 |
| Percentage protein in total energy intake (%) | 15.54±0.09 | 15.07±0.1 | <0.0001 | 14.35±0.07 | 13.74±0.09 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 576.6±6.5 | 570.6±9.1 | 0.0006 | 460.1±4.9 | 441.3±9.7 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | <0.0001 | 0.0756 | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 27.2(0.8) | 15.8(0.8) | 89.4(0.5) | 89.7(0.8) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 27.7(0.8) | 35.8(1) | 4.8(0.3) | 3.6(0.4) | ||
| Current smoker | 45.1(0.9) | 48.4(1.2) | 5.8(0.4) | 6.7(0.7) | ||
| Drinking | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Nondrinker | 11.2(0.6) | 17.2(0.8) | 30.7(0.7) | 41.4(1.2) | ||
| Light-to-moderate drinker | 71.2(0.8) | 63.4(1.1) | 66.9(0.7) | 57(1.2) | ||
| Heavy drinker | 17.6(0.7) | 19.5(1) | 2.3(0.3) | 1.7(0.3) | ||
| Education (high school graduate or higher) | 84.6(0.7) | 65.2(1.2) | <0.0001 | 73.2(0.7) | 42(1.5) | <0.0001 |
| Income (the lowest quartile) | 12.7(0.8) | 17.0(0.9) | 0.0001 | 14.3(0.6) | 24.1(1.1) | <0.0001 |
| Exercise (yes) | 28(0.9) | 28.2(1.1) | 0.9258 | 22.2(0.7) | 24.5(1.1) | 0.0548 |
| Residential place (rural) | 83.1(1.6) | 76.2(2.1) | <0.0001 | 83.1(1.5) | 76.3(2.2) | <0.0001 |
| Occupation (yes) | 76.2(0.9) | 79.4(1) | 0.0128 | 49.1(0.8) | 46.1(1.4) | 0.0464 |
| White blood cell (x103/μL) ** | 6.3(6.24–6.36) | 6.57(6.5–6.64) | 0.5925 | 5.53(5.48–5.57) | 5.7(5.63–5.77) | 0.0817 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 23.2(0.8) | 37.5(1.2) | <0.0001 | 17.6(0.6) | 38.7(1.2) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 5.4(0.4) | 14.6(0.8) | <0.0001 | 5.5(0.3) | 12.5(0.8) | <0.0001 |
| Frequency of tooth brushing per day | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| ≤ 1 | 13.4(0.7) | 18.9(0.9) | 7.3(0.4) | 11.3(0.9) | ||
| 2 | 44.4(1) | 45.9(1.2) | 40.7(0.7) | 47.4(1.1) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 42.3(1) | 35.1(1.2) | 52(0.8) | 41.4(1.2) | ||
| Use of secondary oral products (yes) | 38.6(1.1) | 34.1(1.4) | 0.0129 | 48.6(0.9) | 31.3(1.2) | <0.0001 |
| Dental checkup within a year (yes) | 27.3(1) | 27.5(1.2) | 0.8767 | 27.8(0.8) | 22.7(1.1) | <0.0001 |
| Self-reported oral status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Favorable | 15.6(0.6) | 9.6(0.6) | 12.3(0.5) | 7.7(0.7) | ||
| Average | 45(0.9) | 31.2(1.2) | 44.3(0.8) | 32.4(1.2) | ||
| Problematic | 39.4(0.9) | 59.3(1.3) | 43.4(0.8) | 59.9(1.2) | ||
| Chewing | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Discomfort | 19.3(0.8) | 39.2(1.2) | 21.9(0.6) | 43.8(1.1) | ||
| Minor problem | 15.4(0.8) | 16.3(0.9) | 15.2(0.6) | 14.5(0.8) | ||
| No discomfort | 65.2(1) | 44.6(1.2) | 62.9(0.8) | 41.7(1.1) | ||
| Speech | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Discomfort | 5(0.4) | 10.6(0.7) | 6.3(0.3) | 14.2(0.8) | ||
| Minor problem | 5.8(0.4) | 9.8(0.7) | 6.7(0.4) | 9.9(0.7) | ||
| No discomfort | 89.2(0.6) | 79.7(1) | 87(0.5) | 75.9(1) | ||
Data are presented as mean ± standard error or percentages (standard error).
* P values were obtained by independent t-test for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables.
** Log transformation was applied to the value, and geometric mean (95% confidence of interval) was shown.