. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Abuse Negl. 2016 Jun 16;57:41–52. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.06.004

Table 5.

Bivariate Associations Between Race and CPS Involvement

	White With Reference to Non-White^a (n = 258)	White With Reference to Black (n = 177)
Before study entry
Any referral	1.2 (0.57)	0.7 (0.64)
Any investigation	1.0 (0.58)	0.3 (0.72)
Any substantiation	NS	NS
Any child removal	NS	NS
After study entry^b
Any referral	5.9^** (0.31)	5.4^* (0.32)
Any investigation	3.4^† (0.37)	3.0^† (0.38)
Any substantiation	NS	NS
Any child removal	NS	NS

Note. Table shows chi-square values with odds ratios in parentheses. Where chi-square assumptions were not met, Fisher's exact test was conducted. NS = not statistically significant at α=.05 according to Fisher's exact test.

"Non-white" includes Black, Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander racial/ethnic categories.

Limited to less than 984 days after study entry.

^†

p<.10.

p<.05.

^**

p<.01.