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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Psychiatry. 2016 Jul 1;73(7):731–740. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0637

Table 3.

Within-individual change in health from age 26 to 38: associations between tobacco and cannabis use from ages 26–38 and age 38 health, controlling for age 26 baseline health.

Age 38 Health Exposure Model 1: Bivariate Model 2: + Control for Baseline at Age 26 Model 3a: + Control for Pack-Years (or Joint-Years)
β 95% CI p β 95% CI p β 95% CI p
A. Periodontal Health
 Mean Attachment Loss Across Sites (mm) Pack-years 0.50 0.44, 0.56 <.001 0.42 0.36, 0.47 <.001 0.37 0.31, 0.43 <.001
Joint-Years 0.32 0.25, 0.38 <.001 0.25 0.19, 0.31 <.001 0.10 0.05, 0.16 <.001
Cannabis Dependence 0.37 0.29, 0.45 <.001 0.30 0.23, 0.38 <.001 0.11 0.04, 0.19 .002
B. Lung Function
 FEV1/FVC± Pack-years −0.19 −0.26, −0.12 <.001 −0.14 −0.19, −0.10 <.001 −0.11 −0.16, −0.06 <.001
Joint-Years −0.15 −0.21, −0.08 <.001 −0.11 −0.16, −0.07 <.001 −0.07 −0.12, −0.02 .008
Cannabis Dependence −0.17 −0.26, −0.09 <.001 −0.14 −0.20, −0.09 <.001 −0.08 −0.15, −0.02 .011
C. Systemic Inflammation
 C-Reactive Protein Level (mg/L) Pack-years 0.11 0.04, 0.18 .003 0.11 0.04, 0.17 .002 0.09 0.01, 0.16 .021
Joint-Years 0.08 0.01, 0.16 .026 0.09 0.02, 0.16 .013 0.05 −0.03, 0.13 .199
Cannabis Dependence 0.02 −0.07, 0.12 .61 0.04 −0.05, 0.13 .38 −0.02 −0.12, 0.07 .62
D. Metabolic Health
 % with Metabolic Syndrome Pack-years 1.18b 1.03, 1.36 .020 1.18b 1.02, 1.35 .021 1.21b 1.04, 1.41 .014
Joint-Years 1.00b 0.86, 1.16 .99 1.01b 0.88, 1.17 .88 0.93b 0.79, 1.10 .41
Cannabis Dependence 1.02b 0.84, 1.26 .80 1.07b 0.88, 1.31 .50 0.98b 0.79, 1.21 .84
E. Obesity
 Body Mass Index (BMI) Pack-Years −0.07 −0.14, −0.01 .027 0.00 −0.04, 0.04 .91 0.02 −0.03, 0.06 .51
Joint-Years −0.09 −0.16, −0.03 .006 −0.02 −0.06, 0.02 .35 −0.03 −0.07, 0.02 .25
Cannabis Dependence −0.13 −0.21, −0.04 .004 −0.01 −0.07, 0.04 .60 −0.01 −0.07, 0.04 .59
F. Self-Reported Health
 Mean Health Rating± Pack-years −0.27 −0.33, −0.21 <.001 −0.16 −0.22, −0.10 <.001 −0.16 −0.22, −0.10 <.001
Joint-Years −0.11 −0.18, −0.05 <.001 −0.06 −0.11, 0.00 .064 0.01 −0.05, 0.07 .77
Cannabis Dependence −0.17 −0.26, −0.09 <.001 −0.12 −0.19, −0.04 .002 −0.04 −0.12, 0.04 .34

Note. Statistical analyses tested associations of cumulative pack-years (a continuous variable), cumulative joint-years (a continuous variable), and cannabis dependence (a 5-level ordinal variable) with continuous outcomes (except for metabolic syndrome, which is a categorical outcome). Continuous variables were standardized for statistical tests. Therefore, beta coefficients can be interpreted as the increase in risk of the outcome, given a 1 SD increase in pack-years or joint-years. Betas with a positive sign indicate poorer health except where noted.

±

Betas with a negative sign indicate poorer health. Statistically significant associations are shown in bold. All models control for sex. Analyses of lung function additionally control for height.

a

Model 3 adds controls for joint-years in analyses of pack-years, and adds controls for pack-years in analyses of joint-years and cannabis dependence.

b

Estimates are relative risks.