Fig. 5.

Summary of metabolic reprogramming and increased glycolysis in circulating leukocytes during critical illness. (1) Reduced entry into the oxidative phosphorylation. (2) diverting pyruvate away from oxidative phosphorylation. (3) Reduced activity in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (4) Increased substrate supply to the pentose phosphate pathway. (5) Increased NADPH production. (6) Reduced biosynthesis. PKM2 pyruvate kinase 2, NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NADH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide G-6-P glucose-6-phosphate