Table 3.
Estimations realized to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for different kinds of vinasses and different systems or wastes
| Kind of vinasses or system or waste | Vinasses generation L ×109 f | Density Mg m−3 h | Mg of vinasses generated ×108 | Dosesg Ton ha−1 | %C in vinasses | %N in vinasses | (CO2–C eq Gg year−1) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO2 | CH4 | N2O | |||||||
| Sugarcanea | 1400–2100 | 1.25h | 18–26 | 382.5 | 0.29 | 0.123 | 92,015–138,022 | 1425–2138 | 13,169–19,753 |
| Sugar beetb | 200–320 | 2.5–3.9 | 0.52 | 0.475 | 13,245–20,604 | 368–572 | 7320–11,387 | ||
| Mezcalc | 0.0034–0.0063 | 0.00042–0.00079 | N. R. | 0.660 | 2–4 | N.E | 2–3 | ||
| Tequilad | 0.16–0.23 | 0.02–0.03 | 0.168 | 0.035 | 104–148 | 0.948–1.35 | 4–6 | ||
| Continuous and rotation cropse | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5.0–31 | N.E | 1.3×10−4 |
| Rice cropse | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0–29 | N.E | 1.1×10−4 |
| Shrub land/natural landscapee | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.2–30 | N.E | 6.5×10−3 |
| Animal wastee | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4.1–4.7 | N.E | 0.05 |
| Grazinge | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.7–28 | N.E | 3.7×10−5 |
a Goldemberg et al. (2008); b Christodoulou and Bezergianni (2007); c CRM (2015); d CRT (2015); e Muñoz et al. (2010); NR not reported; NE not estimated. Equations to estimate the potential quantity of GHG (CO2, N2O and CH4) emissions: CO2–C (Gg year−1) = (((Potential quantity of vinasses produced (Mg year−1))/(potential application rate (t ha−1))) × C to CO2 emission factor (20 C t ha−1year−1)/1000; CH4–CO2–Ceq (Gg year−1) = potential quantity of vinasses produced (Mg year−1) × %C in vinasses × C to CH4 conversion (1.33) × 1/1000 × 21 × C to CH4 emission factor (1 %); N2O–CO2–Ceq (Gg year−1) = potential quantity of vinasses produced (Mg year−1) × %N in vinasses × N to N2O conversion (1.57) × 1/1000 × 310 × N to N2O emission factor (1.25 %); Where 1.33 is the C to CH4 conversion; 1 % is the C to CH4 emission factor; 21 and 310 are the global warming potential for CH4 and N2O according to (IPCC 2007); 1.57 is the N to N2O conversion; 1.25 % is the N to N2O emission factor; 1000 is the factor of conversions from Mg to Gg; f Estimated liters of vinasses generated in total production of different products; g Dose recommended by Aparecida-Christofoletti et al. (2013) 300 m3 ha−1 and converted to ton ha−1, h The density 1.25 Mg m−3 reported by Tejada et al. (2007) for beet vinasses was generalized to all vinasses analysed in this document and to estimate the GHG emissions