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. 2016 Jul 8;9:53. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00053

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Copyright © 2016 Cunnane, Courchesne-Loyer, Vandenberghe, St-Pierre, Fortier, Hennebelle, Croteau, Bocti, Fulop and Castellano.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Plasma acetoacetate (A) and β-HBA (B) 2–4 h after an oral dose of 2.5 () or 5.0 mg/kg () of caffeine vs. no treatment control (). Plasma caffeine reached a plateau 1–2 h after being consumed (data not shown), hence the reason for starting the ketone measurements at 2 h post-dose. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 10/point, with each participant undertaking each of the three treatments). Ketone data were normalized to zero at 2 h. ^∗ Control vs. 2.5 mg/kg (^∗p < 0.05) vs. 5.0 mg/kg (^∗∗p < 0.05), and caffeine 2.5 vs. 5.0 mg/kg (^#p < 0.05).

Inline graphic — Plasma acetoacetate (A) and β-HBA (B) 2–4 h after an oral dose of 2.5 () or 5.0 mg/kg () of caffeine vs. no treatment control (). Plasma caffeine reached a plateau 1–2 h after being consumed (data not shown), hence the reason for starting the ketone measurements at 2 h post-dose. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 10/point, with each participant undertaking each of the three treatments). Ketone data were normalized to zero at 2 h. ^∗ Control vs. 2.5 mg/kg (^∗p < 0.05) vs. 5.0 mg/kg (^∗∗p < 0.05), and caffeine 2.5 vs. 5.0 mg/kg (^#p < 0.05).