Table 4.

Cognitive scores (mean ± SD) of healthy young and older adults reported in Figure 2 and Table 3^∗.

	Young	Older	p-value
Global cognition
MMSE	29.9 ± 0.3	29.4 ± 0.9	0.051
Speed processing and attention
Digit symbol substitution	11.4 ± 2.5	10.9 ± 2.3	0.875
Executive function
Trail making number sequencing	12.5 ± 1.7	11.0 ± 3.3	0.247
Trail making number-letter switching	12.0 ± 1.4	10.4 ± 3.0	0.226
Stroop-inhibition	12.1 ± 2.5	10.6 ± 2.7	0.096
Stoop-inhibition/switching	10.5 ± 2.9	10.4 ± 2.3	0.999
Verbal fluency-letter	10.1 ± 2.9	9.9 ± 3.3	0.968
Verbal fluency-category	12.7 ± 3.1	11.5 ± 2.9	0.397
Working memory
Digit span	9.2 ± 2.6	7.9 ± 3.0	0.555
Spatial span	11.8 ± 3.3	11.4 ± 2.8	0.666
Episodic memory
RCFT-Immediate recall	61.3 ± 15.4	67.3 ± 12.8	0.005
RCFT-Delayed recall	62.2 ± 10.7	69.0 ± 11.8	≤0.001
VPA-Immediate recall	12.3 ± 2.5	12.4 ± 3.3	0.437
VPA-Delayed recall	12.1 ± 1.0	12.7 ± 2.6	0.017
LM-Immediate recall	14.9 ± 2.0	13.2 ± 3.0	0.289
LM-Delayed recall	15.9 ± 1.8	14.0 ± 2.7	0.170

^∗Results corrected for age and education. MMSE, mini-mental state examination; RCFT, Rey complex figure test; VPA, verbal paired associates; LM, logical memory.