Table 11.
Studies with substances/drugs with antioxidant properties in different AD animal models and their influence on oxidative damage and anti-oxidative defense and biomarkers
| Model | Oxidative damage and defense biomarkers | Drug and route of administration | Changes in oxidative defense biomarkers | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aβ1–42 i.c.v. to mice (Chinese Kun Ming) | ↑MDA, ↓SOD, ↓GPx, ↓GSH in HIP and cerebral CTX | Schisantherin A 0.1 mg/kg for 5 days i.c.v., injection started after 3 days from Aβ1–42 injection | ↓MDA in cerebral CTX, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, ↑GSH in HIP and cerebral CTX | [241] |
| Aβ1–42 i.c.v. to mice (C57BL/6) | ↑MDA, ↑PC, ↑Mn-SOD, ↑Zn, Cu-SOD, ↑GPx, ↑GR in cerebral CTX and HIP | Vitamin E 150 mg/kg, p.o. for 27 days, administration began 7 days before Aβ1–42 i.c.v. | ↓MDA, ↓PC, ↓Mn-SOD, ↓Zn, Cu-SOD, ↑GPx, Ø GR in cerebral CTX and HIP | [247] |
| AF64A (a cholinotoxin) 2 nmol/2 μl, bilaterally i.c.v. to rats (Wistar) | ↑MDA in HIP | Piperine 5 or 10 mg/kg p.o. 2 weeks before and 1 week after AF64A | ↓MDA in HIP | [239] |
| Streptozotocin 2.57 mg/kg i.c.v. to mice (Swiss albino) | ↑TBARS, ↓GSH, ↓GPx, ↓GR in HIP | S-allyl cysteine 30 mg/kg i.p. for 15 days pre-treatment before streptozocin | ↓TBARS, ↑GSH, ↑GPx, ↑GR in HIP | [250] |
| Scopolamine 1 mg/kg i.p single injection to mice (Swiss) 20 min before pretest (memory acquisition) or 15 min after pretest (memory consolidation) | ↑MDA, ↓SOD, ↓GPx, ↓GR in CTX and HIP | Imperatorin 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg i.p. 2×/day for 7 days (on 7th day (pretest):10 min before scopolamine injection or 15 min after scopolamine injection | ↓MDA, ↑SOD in CTX and HIP, ↑GPx in CTX and HIP, ↑GR in CTX | [248] |
| Mice (AbPP Tg2576) | ↑HNE, ↑3-NT in brain homogenates | α-lipoic acid 30 mg/kg/day enriched diet for 10 months | ↓HNE, Ø 3-NT in brain homogenates | [251] |
| Mice (APP/PSEN1 transgenic) | ↑MDA in HIP | Vitamin C 125 mg/kg i.p. for 12 days | Ø MDA in HIP | [252] |
| Mice (Gulo−/− APP/PSEN1) | MDA level in CTX on vitamin C content standard diet (0.33 g/L of drinking water) not changed | Vitamin C- low diet content 0.099 g/L of drinking water | ↑MDA in CTX | [257] |
| Mice (APPswe/PS1) | nd | Melatonin 5 mg/kg p.o. for 5.5 months | ↓MDA, ↓PC in HIP | [260] |
| Mice (heterozygote APP) | ↑TBARS, ↓GSH, ↓SOD in the brain homogenate | Melatonin 10 mg/kg/day for 4 months intargastrically | ↓TBARS, ↑GSH, ↑SOD in the brain homogenate | [254] |
| Mice (APPswe/PS1) | nd | Long-lasting incretin hormone analogue d-Ala2GIP 35 days at 25 nmol/kg i.p. once daily |
↓8-OHG in CA1 HIP region (in 12 and 19 months old mice) | [258] |
| Mice (APPswe/PS1) | ↑H2O2, ↑MDA, ↓GSH, ↓TAC in whole brain lysate | Hesperidin 100 mg/kg per day for 16 weeks in chow | ↓H2O2, ↓MDA, ↑GSH, ↑TAC in whole brain lysate | [259] |
↑ increase, ↓ decrease, Ø no changes, 3-NT 3-nitrotyrosine, CAT catalase, CTX cortex, d-Ala 2 GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GPx glutathione peroxidase, GR glutathione reductase, GSH glutathione, GSSG oxidized glutathione, HIP hippocampus, HNE 4-hydroxynonenal, i.c.v. intracerebroventricular, i.p. intraperitoneal, MDA malonyldialdehyde, Mn-SOD manganese superoxide dismutase (located in mitochondria), PC protein carbonyl, SOD superoxide dismutase, TAC total antioxidant capacity, TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, Zn, Cu-SOD copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (located in cytoplasm)