Table 5.
Changes in OS and anti-OS defense biomarkers in toxin-based model of PD
| Animal model | Route of administration, dosage | Animal species | OS biomarkers | Oxidative defense biomarkers | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-OHDA | Unilateral intra-STR inj. 10 μg/2 μl | Rats (Wistar) | ↑TBARS in SN | ↓GSH, ↓CAT ↓SOD in SN | [191] |
| Bilateral intra-STR inj. 10 μg/2 μl | Rats (Fischer) | ↑HNE, ↑PC in STR | nd | [176] | |
| Unilateral intra-STR inj. 300 μg/10 μl | Rats (Sprague-Dawley) | ↑PC in STR | ↓GSH and ↓SOD in STR | [177] | |
| Intra-STR inj. 8 mg/2 ml | Rats (Wistar) | ↑MDA in STR | ↓SOD, GST in STR | [178] | |
| Intra-STR inj. 8 μg/4 μl | Rats (Wistar) | ↑3-NT, ↑HNE in STR | nd | [179] | |
| MPTP | 20 μl/kg intra-SN inj. | Rats (Wistar) | ↑MDA in SN | ↓SOD in SN | [180] |
| 25 mg/kg/day for 5 days | Mice (C57BL/6) | ↑iNOS, ↑HNE, ↑3-NT in SN | nd | [181] | |
| Intra-SN inj. | Rats (Wistar) | ↑MDA, ↑nitrate in STR and CTX | ↓GSSH, ↓CAT in STR and CTX | [182] | |
| 24 mg/kg sc. for 6 days | Mice (C57BL/6) | ↑MDA in STR | ↓GSH, ↓SOD, ↓GPx, ↓CAT in STR | [197] | |
| 100 μg/1 μl, bilateral infusions | Rats (Wistar) | ↑LPO in STR | ↓GSH, ↑SOD in STR | [183] | |
| 15 mg/kg s.c. for 3 days | Mice (C57BL/6) | ↑3-NT, ↑HNE in ventral midbrain | ↓GSH, ↑GSSG in ventral midbrain | [187] | |
| 24 mg/kg s.c. (2 times/day at 12-h interval) for 2 days | Mice (C57BL/6) | ↑8-OHG in SN | nd | [188] | |
| 20 mg/kg i.p. 3 times at 2-h interval | Mice (C57BL/6J) | ↑8-OHG in STR | nd | [189] | |
| 30 μg/kg i.p. 2 times at 16-h interval | Mice (Balb/c) | nd | ↓GSH, ↑SOD in SN, nucleus caudate, and putamen | [192] | |
| Rotenone | 2.5 mg/kg, i.p., for 10 days | Rats (Wistar) | nd | ↓GSH in HIP, ↓CAT in HIP and STR | [193] |
| One-sided intra-SN inj. 6 μg | Rats (Sprague-Dawley) | nd | ↓GSH, ↑Cu-Zn SOD, ↑CAT in SN, Ø GSH, Ø SOD in STR | [194] | |
| 3 mg/kg i.p. for 30 days | Rats (Wistar) | nd | ↓GSH, ↓SOD in STR | [195] | |
| 2 mg/kg s.c. for 35 days | Rats (Sprague-Dawley) | ↑TBARS, ↑SAG in the midbrain regions and cerebellum and CTX | ↓GSH, ↓CAT in midbrain | [196] | |
| 2 mg/kg s.c. for 35 days | Rats (Sprague-Dawley) | ↑MDA in midbrain regions and cerebellum | ↓GSH, ↓SOD, and ↑CAT in midbrain and CTX ↑NO in midbrain | [184] | |
| 1 mg/kg i.p for 3 weeks | Mice (CFT-Swiss) | ↑PC in HIP, CTX, STR | ↓GSH, ↓TT in HIP, ↓GPx, ↓CAT in CTX and HIP, ↓SOD in CTX and STR | [186] | |
| 1.5 mg/kg/48 h s.c., 6 doses | Rats (Albino) | ↑LPO, ↑PC, ↓mtDNA in STR | ↓GSH, ↓SOD in STR | [185] | |
| Paraquat + maneb | Paraquat (10 mg/kg) + maneb (30 mg/kg), twice a week, for 9 weeks | Mice (Swiss albino) | ↑MDA, ↑NO in nigrostriatal tissues | ↑GST in nigrostriatal regions | [190] |
| Paraquat (10 mg/kg, i.p.), and maneb (30 mg/kg, i.p.), twice a week, for 6 weeks | Mice (C57BL6/J) | α-Synuclein radical in the midbrain | nd | [175] |
↑ increase, ↓ decrease, Ø no change, nd not determined, 6-OHDA 6-hydroxydopamine, CAT catalase, CTX cortex, GPx glutathione peroxidase, GSH glutathione, GST glutathione S-transferase, HIP hippocampus, HNE 4-hydroxynonenal, i.c.v. intracerebroventricular, intra-SN inj. intra-substantia nigra injection, LPO lipid hydroperoxide, MDA malonyldialdehyde, MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, NO nitric oxide, NOS nitric oxide synthetase, PC protein carbonyl, SAG superoxide anion generation, s.c. subcutaneous, SN substantia nigra, SOD superoxide dismutase, STR striatum, TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances