Table 6.
Therapeutic trials with substances possessing antioxidant properties in PD animal models and their influence on changes of biomarkers of OS and anti-oxidative defense
| Model | Biomarkers of OS and anti-oxidative defense | Drug and route of administration | Changes in biomarkers of OS and anti-oxidative defense | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-OHDA, rats (Wistar) | ↑MDA, ↓SOD, ↓GPx, ↓CAT in STR | Melatonin (10 mg/kg i.p. for 30 days) | ↓MDA, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, ↑CAT in STR | [198] |
| 6-OHDA, 8 mg/2 ml intra-STR inj., rats | ↑MDA, ↓SOD, ↓GST in STR | Valproic acid (300 mg/kg) i.p. for 10 days | ↓MDA, ↑SOD in STR | [178] |
| MTPT intra-SN inj., rats | ↓GSH, ↓CAT, ↑nitrate, ↑LPO in STR and CTX | Ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg i.p.) | ↑GSH, ↑CAT, ↓nitrate, ↓LPO in STR and CTX | [182] |
| Ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg i.p. and ropinirol 1, 5 or 3 mg/kg i.p.) | ↑GSH, ↑CAT, ↓nitrate, ↓LPO in STR and | |||
| MPTP mice (C57BL/6J), | ↑LPO, ↑SOD, ↓GPx, ↓GSH in SNpc | N-acetylcysteine | ↓LPO, ↓SOD, ↑GPx, ↑GSH in SNpc | [199] |
| Rotenone, 2.5 mg/kg, i.p. for 10 days, rats | ↓GSH in HIP, ↓CAT in HIP and STR | Ibuprofen (15 mg/kg, p.o. 22 days post 10-day rotenone treatment) | ↑GSH in HIP vs. rotenone group, ↑CAT in HIP and STR vs. rotenone group | [193] |
| Rotenone, 3 mg/kg i.p. for 30 days, rats | ↓GSH, ↓SOD, ↑MDA in STR | Lycopene (10 mg/kg, p.o. for 30 days, a combined treatment with rotenone) | ↑GSH, ↓SOD, ↑CAT in HIP, STR | [195] |
| Rotenone, 1 mg/kg/day i.p. for 3 weeks, mice (CFT-Swiss) | ↓GSH in HIP, ↓TT in HIP, ↓GPx, ↓CAT in CTX and HIP, ↓SOD in CTX and STR, ↑PC in HIP, CTX, STR | TSE—aqueous extract of tomato seeds (100 mg/kg p.o. for 3 weeks, 1 h before rotenone injection) | ↑GSH, ↑CAT, ↑TT in HIP, ↓PC in STR, ↑SOD in CTX and STR, ↑GPx in CTX and HIP ↓PC in STR, ↑SOD in CTX and STR | [186] |
| Rotenone, 1.5 mg/kg/48 h/6 doses, s.c., rats (Albino) | ↑LPO, ↑PC, ↓GSH, SOD, ↓mtDNA in STR | Acetyl-l-carnitine (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.), α-lipoic acid (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) or their combination | ↓LPO, ↑GSH, ↑SOD, and ↑mtDNA in STR after each drug alone or after combination, ↓PC, ↑CAT in STR only after combination | [185] |
| Rotenone, 2 mg/kg s.c. for 35 days, rats (Spraque- Dawley) | ↑MDA in midbrain and cerebellum, ↓GSH, ↓SOD, and ↑CAT in midbrain and CTX, ↑NO in midbrain | Centrophenoxine (100 mg/kg i.p., co-administration with rotenone for 35 days) | ↓MDA in midbrain and cerebellum, ↑GSH, ↑SOD,↑CAT in midbrain and CTX,↓NO in midbrain | [184] |
| Maneb (30 mg/kg) and paraquat (10 mg/kg) i.p. twice a week for 9 weeks, mice (Swiss albino) | ↑MDA, ↑NO, ↑GST in nigrostriatal regions | Silymarin (40 mg/kg i.p. for 9 weeks), maneb, and paraquat were administered 2 h after this injection | ↓MDA, ↓NO, and ↓GST in nigrostriatal tissues | [190] |
| Melatonin (30 mg/kg i.p. for 9 weeks, maneb and paraquat were administered 2 h after this injection |
↑ increase, ↓ decrease, nd not determined, CAT catalase, CTX cortex, GPx glutathione peroxidase, GSH glutathione, GST glutathione transferase, GST glutathione S-transferase, HIP hippocampus, HNE 4-hydroxynonenal, i.c.v. intracerebroventricular, i.p. intraperitoneal, intra-SNc inj. intra-substantia nigra injection, intra-STR inj. intrastriatal injection, LPO lipid hydroperoxide, MDA malonyldialdehyde, NO nitric oxide, NOS nitric oxide synthetase, PC protein carbonyl, s.c. subcutaneous, SN substantia nigra, SNpc substantia nigra pars compacta, SOD superoxide dismutase, STR striatum, TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TT total thiol