Table 2.
Main result: Early-life mortality rates and adult wages.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: OLS | |||||
| IMR in birth year | −0.00174* | −0.00195* | −0.00166* | −0.00170* | −0.00235** |
| (0.000706) | (0.000796) | (0.000742) | (0.000700) | (0.000728) | |
| District fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Year of birth fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| State × urban fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Social group × urban indicators | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| State-specific linear time trends | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Job category fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Individual education indicators | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Female literacy in birth year | ✓ | ||||
| n (adult men) | 12,783 | 12,783 | 12,783 | 12,783 | 11,538 |
| Panel B: IV (linearly interpolated IMR instrumented with log interpolated IMR) | |||||
| IMR in birth year | −0.00166** | −0.00167* | −0.00139* | −0.00156* | −0.00206** |
| (0.000597) | (0.000718) | (0.000696) | (0.000673) | (0.000691) | |
| District fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Year of birth fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| State × urban fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Social group × urban indicators | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| State-specific linear time trends | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Job category fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Individual education indicators | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Female literacy in birth year | ✓ | ||||
| First-stage F-stat | 14,016 | 4797 | 4339 | 3050 | 3428 |
| n (adult men) | 12,783 | 12,783 | 12,783 | 12,783 | 11,538 |
Notes: p values: The dependent variable is the log of adult hourly wages in rupees in the IHDS. †=0.1, * =0.05, ** =0.01, ** * =0.001. Standard errors clustered at the district level. Education indicators include a full set of indicators for grade level interacted with literacy. “IMR in birth year” and “female literacy in birth year” both vary at the district-year level. IMR is measured as deaths in the first year of life per 1000 live births.