Table 2. Plasma biochemistry in dogs before and after oral D-allulose administration.

Parameters	Dose (g/kg)	0 hr			4 hr			8 hr			12 hr			24 hr			48 hr			96 hr			144 hr
Alanine aminotransferase (U/l)
	0	48.2	±	22.4	47.5	±	19.8	48.3	±	19.5	47.2	±	18.0	43.5	±	18.4	41.3	±	14.1	39.5	±	9.3	37.0	±	6.2
	1	48.8	±	10.5	48.8	±	9.2	51.0	±	8.5	50.8	±	9.0	49.2	±	7.9	49.3	±	8.9	46.5	±	9.7	42.7	±	10.6
	4	47.2	±	17.7	50.8	±	18.8	51.2	±	17.5	51.4	±	18.2	47.6	±	15.9	51.0	±	18.6	48.0	±	15.4	40.6	±	8.3
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/l)
	0	24.3	±	1.9	28.5	±	3.1	27.7	±	4.4	27.3	±	4.1	22.3	±	1.6	28.3	±	4.3	25.8	±	3.1	25.2	±	3.1
	1	29.8	±	4.6	37.3	±	15.6	37.7	±	20.8	37.3	±	21.5	31.2	±	18.6	31.3	±	8.9	27.7	±	3.1	26.5	±	3.9
	4	30.2	±	5.7	41.8	±	18.5	43.8	±	24.0	45.4	±	23.9	42.8	±	20.3	57.4	±	53.0	28.2	±	7.0	26.2	±	4.1
Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)
	0	143.2	±	24.1	141.2	±	19.6	147.8	±	27.2	146.8	±	29.5	143.2	±	26.6	144.5	±	24.3	136.5	±	29.4	129.5	±	29.9
	1	148.0	±	29.0	161.3	±	24.5	182.0	±	26.9	193.8	±	40.7	199.3	±	47.4 a)	196.5	±	39.5 a)	169.0	±	37.9	157.2	±	43.8
	4	168.0	±	60.4	189.0	±	52.3	218.8	±	44.0 b)	237.6	±	42.1 a,b)	257.6	±	18.7 a,b)	216.6	±	29.8 a)	171.6	±	27.8	155.0	±	26.1
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)
	0	0.12	±	0.04	0.13	±	0.05	0.10	±	0.00	0.10	±	0.00	0.10	±	0.00	0.18	±	0.10	0.15	±	0.08	0.18	±	0.08
	1	0.15	±	0.08	0.13	±	0.05	0.10	±	0.00	0.18	±	0.16	0.13	±	0.05	0.17	±	0.08	0.15	±	0.08	0.20	±	0.06
	4	0.14	±	0.05	0.12	±	0.04	0.10	±	0.00	0.12	±	0.04	0.12	±	0.04	0.18	±	0.08	0.18	±	0.13	0.16	±	0.05
Urea nitrogen (mg/dl)
	0	7.50	±	6.65	6.22	±	5.32	5.58	±	4.91	5.35	±	4.61	8.90	±	6.90	5.95	±	4.78	9.08	±	6.86	6.65	±	5.28
	1	10.62	±	3.97	8.53	±	1.43	8.07	±	1.35	7.65	±	1.71	14.12	±	2.42	9.33	±	1.72	11.00	±	3.50	12.20	±	2.90
	4	9.88	±	1.46	8.58	±	1.80	7.72	±	1.55	7.12	±	1.54	12.86	±	1.53	9.80	±	1.83	12.20	±	4.46	11.30	±	2.90
Creatinine (mg/dl)
	0	0.45	±	0.08	0.45	±	0.08	0.42	±	0.08	0.45	±	0.08	0.48	±	0.08	0.42	±	0.08	0.42	±	0.08	0.43	±	0.08
	1	0.45	±	0.05	0.38	±	0.08	0.40	±	0.06	0.43	±	0.05	0.45	±	0.10	0.38	±	0.08	0.42	±	0.08	0.40	±	0.06
	4	0.40	±	0.00	0.36	±	0.05	0.38	±	0.04	0.36	±	0.05	0.40	±	0.00	0.42	±	0.04	0.38	±	0.04	0.38	±	0.04
Total protein (g/dl)
	0	6.15	±	0.26	6.13	±	0.44	6.23	±	0.23	6.17	±	0.29	6.07	±	0.24	6.35	±	0.26	6.25	±	0.37	6.28	±	0.41
	1	6.27	±	0.40	6.17	±	0.44	6.23	±	0.31	6.32	±	0.23	6.17	±	0.37	6.35	±	0.43	6.35	±	0.33	6.38	±	0.36
	4	6.44	±	0.30	6.36	±	0.22	6.46	±	0.25	6.44	±	0.15	6.16	±	0.30	6.34	±	0.29	6.44	±	0.21	6.38	±	0.18
Albumin (g/dl)
	0	3.42	±	0.39	3.35	±	0.15	3.42	±	0.21	3.38	±	0.13	3.10	±	0.09	3.43	±	0.18	3.33	±	0.19	3.43	±	0.12
	1	3.52	±	0.13	3.40	±	0.18	3.47	±	0.18	3.53	±	0.14	3.33	±	0.23	3.42	±	0.17	3.38	±	0.25	3.43	±	0.23
	4	4.14	±	1.45	4.08	±	1.31	4.16	±	1.38	4.10	±	1.42	3.82	±	1.45	3.96	±	1.38	3.94	±	1.39	4.00	±	1.30
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
	0	161.2	±	33.9	152.2	±	34.3	156.2	±	35.7	150.3	±	33.3	154.3	±	29.4	171.3	±	33.5	175.0	±	39.3	180.3	±	44.5
	1	181.8	±	40.8	174.3	±	42.1	170.2	±	39.1	176.7	±	34.7	172.7	±	28.4	179.5	±	48.0	182.3	±	40.5	193.5	±	45.3
	4	191.4	±	43.9	182.2	±	42.5	184.6	±	53.8	182.4	±	51.1	165.8	±	12.0	193.6	±	51.8	185.4	±	36.5	201.4	±	34.1
Triglyceride (mg/dl)
	0	41.7	±	18.3	35.8	±	13.5	32.0	±	9.6	26.7	±	5.8	43.3	±	5.1	49.3	±	8.8	48.3	±	23.0	60.0	±	19.2
	1	46.0	±	10.5	45.2	±	14.6	36.8	±	11.5	30.5	±	6.9	60.0	±	26.3	53.7	±	11.4	63.2	±	22.5	63.0	±	19.9
	4	43.0	±	10.5	38.8	±	12.7	37.2	±	12.5	33.2	±	7.7	39.8	±	9.1	44.8	±	7.0	61.2	±	11.2	43.6	±	11.3

Data were presented as mean ± SD of six dogs, except for the 4 g/kg group (n=5). a) P<0.05 vs. the value in control group. b) P<0.05 vs. the value before administration.