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. 2016 Jun 16;5(6):e002860. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002860

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Human leukocyte antigen–antigen D related (HLA‐DR) expression during aortic atherosclerosis. A, Mean percentage of HLA‐DR expression (intima, media, and adventitia) based on lesion morphology. HLA‐DR expression increases within all the vascular layers (significant within the intima and the adventitia with progressive atherosclerosis; *P<0.002; † P<0.01; compared to nonprogressive lesions) and tend to decrease in the stabilized phase. B, Representative image of an intimal xanthoma stained for HLA‐DR at ×100 magnification with a high‐resolution image at a ×400 magnification. HLA‐DR staining is clearly seen in macrophage rich areas located in the intima. C, Representative image of a thin‐cap fibroatheroma stained for HLA‐DR at ×20 magnification with more detail (×200 magnification) of the macrophage foam cell‐rich shoulder region and media. Expression of HLA‐DR is more extensive in advanced and vulnerable stages of atherosclerosis. Total number of cases in (A): 89 (normal 8, nonprogressive lesions 24, progressive lesions 34, vulnerable lesions 14, and stabilized lesions 9). Large solid bars in (A): represent the mean percentage of HLA‐DR within the aortic wall section per atherosclerotic phase±SEM. All sections were developed with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin.