Table 1.
Distribution of Demographic and Clinical Variables at the Time of Cardiac Catheterization by BMI Groups
| Normal, 18.5–24.9 | Overweight, 25.0–29.9 | Obese Class I, 30.0–34.39 | Obese Class II, 35.0–39.9 | Obese Class III, ≥40.0 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n (%) | 1509 (20.0) | 3080 (40.7) | 1942 (25.7) | 696 (9.2) | 333 (4.3) | |
| Female, n (%) | 342 (22.7) | 482 (15.6)a | 350 (18.0)a | 152 (21.8) | 81 (24.3) | <0.001 |
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 68.8 (10.6) | 67.2 (10.4)a | 65.8 (9.8)a | 63.5 (9.6)a | 62.0 (9.3)a | <0.001 |
| Height, cm, mean (SD) | 170.2 (12.1) | 171.1 (11.0)a | 171.0 (8.9) | 169.5 (14.8) | 167.6 (11.7)a | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg, mean (SD) | 67.2 (8.9) | 80.8 (9.0)a | 94.3 (10.5)a | 107.7 12.4)a | 125.4 (19.8)a | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.0 (1.5) | 27.4 (1.4)a | 32.2 (1.4)a | 37.0 (1.4)a | 44.6 (5.0)a | <0.001 |
| Concomitant disease, n (%) | ||||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 141 (9.3) | 229 (7.4)a | 112 (5.8)a | 45 (6.5)a | 25 (7.5) | 0.002 |
| Congestive heart failure | 151 (10.0) | 268 (8.7) | 166 (8.6) | 63 (9.1) | 37 (11.1) | 0.350 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 383 (25.4) | 1006 (32.7)a | 795 (40.9)a | 357 (51.3)a | 208 (62.5)a | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 35 (2.3) | 37 (1.2)a | 18 (0.9)a | 8 (1.2) | 8 (2.4) | 0.003 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1196 (79.3) | 2535 (82.3)a | 1678 (86.4)a | 612 (87.9)a | 287 (86.2)a | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1048 (69.5) | 2334 (75.8)a | 1597 (82.2)a | 593 (85.2)a | 285 (85.6)a | <0.001 |
| Liver or gastrointestinal disease | 49 (3.3) | 115 (3.7) | 62 (3.2) | 26 (3.7) | 8 (2.4) | 0.629 |
| Malignancy | 29 (1.9) | 64 (2.1) | 51 (2.6) | 14 (2.0) | 5 (1.5) | 0.515 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 222 (14.7) | 328 (10.7)a | 205 (10.6)a | 73 (10.5)a | 29 (8.7)a | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary disease | 163 (10.8) | 300 (9.7) | 189 (9.7) | 85 (12.2) | 51 (15.3)a | 0.008 |
| Renal disease | 105 (7.0) | 200 (6.5) | 120 (6.2) | 60 (8.6) | 26 (7.8) | 0.208 |
| Prior event and treatment | ||||||
| Coronary artery bypass grafting | 2 (0.1) | 5 (0.2) | 8 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.133 |
| Myocardial infarction | 312 (20.7) | 651 (21.1) | 462 (23.8) | 143 (20.6) | 80 (24.0) | 0.090 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 181 (12.0) | 472 (15.3)a | 321 (16.5)a | 95 13.7) | 57 (17.1)a | 0.002 |
| Smoking history | b | b | b | <0.001 | ||
| Never or former | 780 (51.7) | 1786 (58.0) | 1155 (59.5) | 437 (62.8) | 199 (59.8) | |
| Current smoker | 433 (28.7) | 717 (23.3) | 477 (24.6) | 140 (20.1) | 72 (21.6) | |
| Unknown | 296 (19.6) | 577 (18.7) | 310 (16.0) | 119 (17.1) | 62 (18.6) | |
| Indication of catheterization | b | b | b | <0.001 | ||
| Stable angina | 597 (39.6) | 1365 (44.3) | 935 (48.2) | 313 (45.0) | 158 (47.5) | |
| Unstable angina | 205 (13.6) | 435 (14.1) | 247 (12.7) | 90 (12.9) | 49 (14.7) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 564 (37.4) | 1054 (34.2) | 649 (33.4) | 238 (34.2) | 115 (34.5) | |
| Others | 143 (9.5) | 226 (7.3) | 111 (5.7) | 55 (7.9) | 11 (3.3) | |
| Ejection fraction | b | b | 0.039 | |||
| >50% | 523 (34.7) | 1156 (37.5) | 778 (40.1) | 275 (39.5) | 128 (38.4) | |
| 35–50% | 301 (20.0) | 606 (19.7) | 379 (19.5) | 137 (19.7) | 64 (19.2) | |
| 20–34% | 80 (5.3) | 164 (5.3) | 94 (4.8) | 30 (4.3) | 22 (6.6) | |
| <20% | 28 (1.9) | 37 (1.2) | 23 (1.8) | 5 (0.7) | 8 (2.4) | |
| Missing | 345 (22.9) | 703 (22.8) | 438 (22.6) | 171 (24.6) | 77 (23.1) | |
| Not performed | 232 (15.4) | 414 (13.4) | 230 (11.8) | 78 (11.2) | 34 (10.2) | |
| Extent of coronary disease | b | 0.067 | ||||
| Normal | 6 (0.4) | 13 (0.4) | 6 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | |
| <50% | 16 (1.1) | 22 (0.7) | 6 (0.3) | 4 (0.6) | 3 (0.9) | |
| Low risk | 233 (15.4) | 403 (13.1) | 246 (12.7) | 93 (13.4) | 38 (11.4) | |
| High risk | 753 (49.9) | 1620 (52.6) | 1106 (57.0) | 367 (52.7) | 185 (55.6) | |
| Left main disease | 485 (32.1) | 987 (32.1) | 561 (28.9) | 220 (31.6) | 103 (30.9) | |
| Missing | 16 (1.1) | 35 (1.1) | 17 (0.9) | 9 (1.3) | 2 (0.6) | |
Low risk represented 1‐ or 2‐vessel disease. High risk represented 2‐vessel disease with proximal left anterior descending artery disease or 3‐vessel disease. Continuous variables were tested by ANOVA with post hoc comparisons between normal BMI and the other BMI groups. Categorical variables were tested by the chi‐square test with post hoc analysis comparing each BMI group against normal BMI using logistic regression. BMI indicates body mass index.
Subgroups significantly different from the normal BMI (P<0.05). Pulmonary complication represents pulmonary edema and/or pulmonary embolism.
Significant difference in the distribution of the categories compared with normal BMI.