Table 3.
Observed and model predicted total energy intake (kcal), nutrient intakes, and estimated diet cost among children and adolescents age 4–18 with a shortfall in total fruit consumption, NHANES 2009–2010 (n = 1,781)
| Observed | Fruit juice + whole fruit (FJ + WF) model | Whole fruit (WF) model | Comparison of FJ + WF vs. WF mean | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95 % CI) | Mean (95 % CI) | Absolute change from observed (95 % CI) | % change from observed (95 % CI) | Mean (95 % CI) | Absolute change from observed (95 % CI) | % change from observed (95 % CI) | Absolute change from FJ + WF vs. WF Model (95 % CI) | % change from FJ + WF vs. WF model (95 % CI) | |
| Energy (kcal) | |||||||||
| Overalla | 1946 (1883, 2009) | 2075 (2012, 2137) | 129 (125, 132) | 6.6 (6.3, 6.9) | 2045 (1982, 2108) | 99 (96, 102) | 5.1 (4.8, 5.3) | 30 (29, 30) | 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) |
| Age 4–8yb | 1684 (1642, 1726) | 1772 (1731, 1812) | 88 (82, 94) | 5.2 (4.8, 5.6) | 1754 (1713, 1795) | 70 (65, 75) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.5) | 18 (16, 19) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
| Age 9–13yc | 1906 (1839, 1974) | 2033 (1970, 2096) | 127 (117, 136) | 6.6 (6.0, 7.3) | 2002 (1938, 2066) | 96 (89, 103) | 5.0 (4.5, 5.5) | 31 (29, 33) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) |
| Age 14–18yd | 2151 (2030, 2273) | 2308 (2184, 2433) | 157 (151, 162) | 7.3 (6.9, 7.6) | 2272 (2148, 2396) | 120 (116, 125) | 5.6 (5.3, 5.9) | 36 (35, 37) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
| Vitamin C (mg) | |||||||||
| Overall | 55 (50, 60) | 125 (120, 129) | 70 (68, 72) | 127 (114, 140) | 88 (84, 93) | 33 (32, 34) | 60.2 (54.0, 66.3) | 37 (36, 38) | 41.8 (39.3, 44.3) |
| Age 4–8y | 50 (41, 59) | 96 (88, 104) | 45 (42, 48) | 90.1 (70.5, 110) | 74 (65, 83) | 24 (22, 25) | 46.7 (36.6, 56.7) | 22 (20, 23) | 29.6 (24.9, 34.3) |
| Age 9–13y | 52 (45, 59) | 123 (116, 129) | 70 (66, 75) | 135 (112, 158) | 84 (78, 91) | 32 (30, 34) | 61.4 (50.8, 71.9) | 38 (36, 41) | 45.7 (41.1, 50.3) |
| Age 14–18y | 61 (51, 70) | 146 (135, 156) | 85 (83, 88) | 141 (119, 163) | 101 (91, 111) | 40 (39, 42) | 66.5 (56.0, 76.9) | 45 (44, 47) | 44.7 (40.5, 48.8) |
| Dietary fiber (gm) | |||||||||
| Overall | 12.7 (12.1, 13.3) | 13.6 (13.0, 14.3) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.1) | 7.5 (6.9, 8.1) | 15.9 (15.3, 16.5) | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 25.0 (23.2, 26.8) | −2.2 (−2.3, −2.1) | −14.1 (−14.9, −13.2) |
| Age 4–8y | 11.1 (10.5, 11.7) | 12.0 (11.4, 12.6) | 0.9 (0.8, 1) | 8.4 (7.3, 9.5) | 13.3 (12.8, 13.9) | 2.3 (2.1, 2.4) | 20.4 (18.5, 22.3) | −1.3 (−1.4, −1.2) | −9.9 (−10.8, −9.1) |
| Age 9–13y | 13.0 (12.0, 14.0) | 13.8 (12.8, 14.7) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | 5.7 (4.9, 6.6) | 16.1 (15.2, 16.9) | 3.1 (2.8, 3.3) | 23.6 (20.5, 26.7) | −2.3 (−2.5, −2.2) | −14.5 (−16, −13) |
| Age 14–18y | 13.5 (12.6, 14.3) | 14.6 (13.7, 15.5) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 8.5 (7.9, 9.1) | 17.3 (16.4, 18.3) | 3.9 (3.7, 4) | 28.7 (26.9, 30.6) | −2.7 (−2.8, −2.6) | −15.7 (−16.6, −14.9) |
| Calcium (mg) | |||||||||
| Overall | 1043 (988, 1099) | 1166 (1112, 1220) | 123 (119, 127) | 11.8 (10.9, 12.6) | 1064 (1009, 1119) | 21 (20, 21) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | 102 (99, 105) | 9.6 (8.9, 10.3) |
| Age 4–8y | 1021 (956, 1086) | 1097 (1032, 1162) | 76 (71, 81) | 7.4 (6.7, 8.1) | 1036 (971, 1101) | 15 (14, 16) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6) | 61 (57, 65) | 5.9 (5.3, 6.4) |
| Age 9–13y | 1029 (957, 1102) | 1156 (1083, 1229) | 127 (118, 135) | 12.3 (11.1, 13.5) | 1049 (977, 1122) | 20 (19, 22) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.1) | 107 (99, 114) | 10.2 (9.2, 11.1) |
| Age 14–18y | 1070 (987, 1154) | 1221 (1136, 1305) | 150 (145, 155) | 14.0 (13.0, 15.1) | 1096 (1012, 1179) | 25 (24, 26) | 2.4 (2.2, 2.5) | 125 (121, 129) | 11.4 (10.6, 12.3) |
| Potassium (mg) | |||||||||
| Overall | 2084 (2004, 2163) | 2467 (2389, 2544) | 383 (371, 395) | 18.4 (17.4, 19.4) | 2378 (2300, 2457) | 295 (285, 304) | 14.1 (13.4, 14.9) | 88 (86, 91) | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) |
| Age 4–8y | 1897 (1826, 1968) | 2159 (2099, 2220) | 262 (244, 280) | 13.8 (12.5, 15.1) | 2107 (2043, 2170) | 209 (195, 224) | 11.0 (10.0, 12.1) | 53 (49, 56) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) |
| Age 9–13y | 2002 (1914, 2091) | 2379 (2285, 2474) | 377 (350, 404) | 18.8 (17.3, 20.4) | 2287 (2194, 2380) | 285 (263, 306) | 14.2 (13.0, 15.4) | 92 (86, 99) | 4.0 (3.8, 4.3) |
| Age 14–18y | 2278 (2129, 2427) | 2744 (2592, 2897) | 467 (451, 482) | 20.5 (19.1, 21.9) | 2636 (2484, 2788) | 358 (346, 371) | 15.7 (14.7, 16.8) | 108 (105, 112) | 4.1 (3.8, 4.4) |
| Cost ($/d) | |||||||||
| Overall | 4.33 (4.1, 4.56) | 4.67 (4.44, 4.90) | 0.34 (0.33, 0.35) | 7.8 (7.3, 8.3) | 4.97 (4.74, 5.21) | 0.64 (0.62, 0.66) | 14.9 (13.9, 15.9) | −0.31 (−0.32, −0.3) | −6.1 (−6.5, −5.8) |
| Age 4–8y | 3.49 (3.37, 3.6) | 3.76 (3.64, 3.88) | 0.28 (0.25, 0.3) | 7.9 (7.2, 8.6) | 3.94 (3.82, 4.06) | 0.46 (0.43, 0.49) | 13.1 (12.2, 14.1) | −0.18 (−0.2, −0.17) | −4.6 (−5.0, −4.3) |
| Age 9–13y | 4.24 (4.12, 4.35) | 4.54 (4.42, 4.66) | 0.3 (0.28, 0.33) | 7.2 (6.5, 7.9) | 4.86 (4.74, 4.97) | 0.62 (0.58, 0.67) | 14.7 (13.4, 16.0) | −0.32 (−0.34, −0.3) | −6.6 (−7.0, −6.1) |
| Age 14–18y | 4.96 (4.47, 5.45) | 5.37 (4.87, 5.87) | 0.41 (0.39, 0.43) | 8.3 (7.6, 9.0) | 5.75 (5.24, 6.25) | 0.78 (0.76, 0.81) | 15.8 (14.4, 17.2) | −0.37 (−0.39, −0.36) | −6.5 (−7.1, −6.0) |
a The mean shortfall in the overall population among those with a fruit shortfall was 1.09 (95 % CI 1.06, 1.12)
b The mean shortfall among those 4–8y with a fruit shortfall was 0.78 (95 % CI 0.72, 0.83)
c The mean shortfall among those 9–13y with a fruit shortfall was 1.05 (95 % CI 0.98, 1.13)
d The mean shortfall among those 14–18y with a fruit shortfall was 1.33 (95 % CI 1.28, 1.37)