Table 1.
N | Country | Sample type | Age range | % female | df | χ2 | GFI | AGFI | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR | AIC | CAIC | χ2/df | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essau et al. (2006) | 1443 | Germany | Com. | 13–18 | 46 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor | 252 | 2475.366 | .731 | .680 | .120 | 2571.366 | 2831.682 | ||||||||
3 factor | 249 | 2213.166 | .783 | .738 | .109 | 2316.166 | 2596.808 | ||||||||
3 bifactor | 228 | 1824.942 | .819 | .762 | .103 | 1968.942 | 2365.143 | ||||||||
3 bifactor + MI | 203 | 1034.464 | .894 | .844 | .078 | 1228.464 | 1762.235 | ||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Kimonis et al. (2008) | 248 | USA | Foren. | 12–20 | 24 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor | 252 | 890.76 | .50 | .10 | 3.53 | ||||||||||
Original 4 factor hierarchical | 249 | 800.13 | .57 | .10 | 3.21 | ||||||||||
3 bifactor | 231 | 502.30 | .79 | .07 | 2.17 | ||||||||||
3 factor hierarchical (deleted 2 and 10) | 206 | 471.25 | .79 | .07 | 2.29 | ||||||||||
3 bifactor (deleted 2 and 10) | 187 | 343.52 | .87 | .06 | 1.84 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Fanti et al. (2009) | 347 | Cyprus | Com. | 12–18 | 49 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor | 252 | 931.88 | .572 | .089 | .090 | 20,833.12 | |||||||||
3 factor | 249 | 722.77 | .702 | .075 | .082 | 20,630.01 | |||||||||
3 bifactor | 228 | 508.35 | .824 | .058 | .061 | 20,455.59 | |||||||||
3 bifactor + MI | 212 | 372.12 | .919 | .047 | .050 | 20,401.36 | |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Roose et al. (2010) | 455 | Belgium | Com. | 14–20 | 44 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor youth report | 2133.43 | .72 | .66 | .77 | .13 | 2229.49 | 2475.21 | 8.47 | |||||||
1 factor parent report | 1070.74 | .63 | .56 | .76 | .15 | 1166.74 | 1360.51 | 4.25 | |||||||
1 factor teacher report | 1297.01 | .52 | .43 | .78 | .19 | 1393.01 | 1574.81 | 5.15 | |||||||
1 factor combined report | 901.61 | .61 | .54 | .84 | .15 | 997.61 | 1179.41 | 3.58 | |||||||
3 factor youth report | 998.95 | .85 | .81 | .89 | .08 | 1100.95 | 1362.09 | 4.01 | |||||||
3 factor parent report | 722.49 | .72 | .66 | .85 | .11 | 824.49 | 1030.37 | 2.90 | |||||||
3 factor teacher report | 816.34 | .64 | .56 | .86 | .14 | 4000.29 | 4091.19 | 3.28 | |||||||
3 factor combined report | 574.55 | .71 | .65 | .92 | .10 | 676.55 | 869.71 | 2.31 | |||||||
3 bifactor youth report | 674.53 | .89 | .86 | .92 | .07 | 818.53 | 1187.20 | 2.96 | |||||||
3 bifactor parent report | 375.12 | .83 | .78 | .93 | .07 | 519.12 | 809.78 | 1.65 | |||||||
3 bifactor teacher report | 534.03 | .73 | .64 | .90 | .11 | 678.03 | 950.73 | 2.34 | |||||||
3 bifactor combined report | 348.31 | .80 | .74 | .96 | .07 | 492.31 | 765.01 | 1.53 | |||||||
Feilhauer et al. (2012) | 383 | Holland | Mixed | 8–20 | 0 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor | 252 | 1054.56 | .777 | .70 | .105 | .093 | 1411.140 | 1648.646 | 4.18 | ||||||
3 factor | 249 | 846.639 | .829 | .78 | .086 | .087 | 1048.295 | 1300.644 | 3.40 | ||||||
3 factor hierarchical | 249 | 846.639 | .829 | .78 | .086 | .087 | 1048.295 | 1300.644 | 3.40 | ||||||
3 bifactor | 228 | 706.725 | .861 | .82 | .077 | .077 | 882.459 | 1238.718 | 3.09 | ||||||
Houghton et al. (2013) | 268 | Australia | Com. | 7–13 | 43 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
3 factor | 167 | 380.09 | .85 | .07 | |||||||||||
2 factor (unemotional + callous versus uncaring) | 169 | 417.43 | .82 | .07 | |||||||||||
2 factor (callous versus uncaring) | 103 | 280.32 | .86 | .08 | |||||||||||
2 factor + MI (callous versus uncaring) | 95 | 221.63 | .90 | .07 | |||||||||||
Ezpeleta et al. 2013 | 620 | Spain | Strat. | 3–4 | 50 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor | 1055 | 6706.30 | .77 | .093 | |||||||||||
3 factor | 1041 | 3670.30 | .89 | .064 | |||||||||||
3 bifactor | 1004 | 2864.20 | .92 | .055 | |||||||||||
Ciucci et al. 2014 | 540 | Italy | Com. | 10–14 | 53 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor | 209 | 836.44 | .86 | .83 | .67 | .07 | .07 | 924.44 | 4.00 | ||||||
3 factor | 206 | 616.93 | .89 | .87 | .78 | .06 | .06 | 710.93 | 2.99 | ||||||
3 bifactor | 187 | 426.52 | .93 | .91 | .87 | .05 | .05 | 558.52 | 2.28 | ||||||
3 factor hierarchical | 198 | 442.06 | .93 | .91 | .87 | .05 | .05 | 552.06 | 2.23 | ||||||
Hawes et al. 2014 | 250 | USA | Clinic | 6–12 | 0 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
1 factor | 252 | 797.66 | .78 | .09 | |||||||||||
3 factor | 249 | 629.352 | .84 | .08 | |||||||||||
3 bifactor | 228 | 553.36 | .87 | .08 | |||||||||||
Revised 2 factor (callous versus uncaring) | 53 | 100.21 | .97 | .06 | |||||||||||
Revised 2 bifactor (similar fit but selected 2 factor as it provided, ‘a more parsimonious model’ (p.7) | 43 | 86.57 | .97 | .06 |
Note. Com =community (i.e., normative, healthy, or school-based sample); Foren =forensic; Strat =stratified. Degrees of freedom vary across previous studies depending on item set being used (e.g., 22 items instead of 24 items).