Table 2.
Rates of HPV and non-HPV STDs in overall women included in the study and according to cytological findings
| Cytological findings | Cytological findings | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| HPV and non-HPV STDs | Overall (N=838) | NILM (N=614) | ≥ ASC-US (N=224) | RR (95% CI) | P | HSIL (N=71) | RR (95% CI) | P |
|
|
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| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||||
| HPV-DNA | 284 (33.9) | 101 (16.4) | 183 (81.7) | 4.966 (3.727-6.619) | < 0.0001 | 71 (100.0) | 6.079 (4.113-8.984) | < 0.0001 |
| HR-HPV | 230 (27.4) | 66 (10.7) | 164 (73.2) | 6.811 (4.925-9.419) | < 0.0001 | 71 (100.0) | 9.303 (6.139-14.10) | < 0.0001 |
| HPV-16 | 95 (11.3) | 14 (2.3) | 81 (36.2) | 15.86 (8.811-28.54) | < 0.0001 | 44 (62.0) | 27.18 (14.19-52.05) | < 0.0001 |
| LR-HPV | 112 (13.4) | 63 (10.3) | 49 (21.9) | 2.132 (1.424-3.192) | 0.0003 | 10 (14.0) | 1.373 (0.6741-2.795) | 0.4231 |
| HPV-multiple infections | 101 (12.0) | 44 (7.1) | 57 (25.4) | 3.551 (2.328-5.416) | < 0.0001 | 18 (25.3) | 3.538 (1.940-6.453) | 0.0001 |
| non-HPV STDs | 255 (30.4) | 193 (31.4) | 62 (27.7) | 0.8806 (0.6365-1.218) | 0.4649 | 20 (28.2) | 0.8962 (0.5317-1.510) | 0.7950 |
| C. trachomatis | 86 (10.3) | 61 (9.9) | 25 (11.2) | 1.123 (0.6882-1.834) | 0.7019 | 06 (8.4) | 0.8506 (0.3549-2.039) | 0.8352 |
| N. gonorrhoeae | 39 (4.7) | 24 (3.9) | 15 (6.7) | 1.713 (0.8827-3.325) | 0.1372 | 06 (8.4) | 2.162 (0.8548-5.468) | 0.1229 |
| M. genitalium | 29 (3.5) | 26 (4.2) | 3 (1.3) | 0.3163 (0.09477-1.055) | 0.0529 | 01 (1.4) | 0.3326 (0.04444-2.489) | 0.5087 |
| T. vaginallis | 97 (11.6) | 78 (12.7) | 19 (8.5) | 0.6677 (0.3952-1.128) | 0.1430 | 08 (11.3) | 0.8870 (0.4114-1.912) | 0.8525 |
| HSV-1 | 9 (1.1) | 8 (1.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0.3426 (0.04259-2.756) | 0.4579 | 00 (0.0) | 0.5056 (0.2885-8.858) | 1.0000 |
| HSV-2 | 33 (3.9) | 20 (3.3) | 13 (5.8) | 1.782 (0.8716-3.642) | 0.1138 | 02 (2.8) | 0.8648 (0.1979-3.778) | 1.0000 |
| T. pallidum | 14 (1.7) | 13 (2.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0.2109 (0.02741-1.622) | 0.1296 | 00 (0.0) | 0.3183 (0.01871-5.415) | 0.3821 |
NILM, negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy; ≥ ASC-US, atypical glandular cells (AGC), squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of low (LSIL) or high (HSIL) grade, and atypical squamous cells (ASC) of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or not possible exclude HSIL (ASC-H); RR (95% CI), crude odds ratio (relative risk) with 95% confidence interval; HPV-DNA, human Papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid; HR-HPV, high-risk HPV; HSV, herpes simplex virus. non-HPV STDs: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2 and Treponema pallidum. non-HPV STDs co-infections: infections with two or more non-STD pathogens in the same sample. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.