Table 2.

Descriptions and examples of response categories used for accuracy coding.

Error category	Description	Example
Correct	Appropriate label for picture provided by at least two individuals in previous norming study; or any additional response judged to be accurate based on consensus judgment of the experimenters	For one picture: “jam” and “jelly” both considered correct (responses from norming study); also accepted additional response “preserves”
Phonological – Non-word	A non-word response that shares the initial phoneme and/or at least 50% of phonemes with the target word	“Thack” for “tack”
Phonological – Formal	A semantically unrelated real-word response that shares the initial phoneme and/or at least 50% of phonemes with the target word	“Tram” for “pram (carriage)”
Semantic	A semantically related response. All counted as errors in Alternate Names condition; only more distantly related responses not occurring in the norming name agreement study counted as errors in the Near Semantic Neighbors Condition	Alternate Names condition: “turkey” for “chicken” Near Semantic Neighbors condition: “jar” for “beaker”
Mixed	A semantically related response that shares the initial phoneme and/or at least 50% of phonemes with the target word (same condition differences described for semantic errors apply)	Alternate Names condition: “can opener” for “corkscrew” Near Semantic Neighbors condition: “sponge” for “squeegee”
Superordinate	Overarching category name of the target word	“Instrument” for “tuba”
Other	Semantically and phonologically unrelated responses or descriptions of the target word	“Marble” for “olives;” “something from under the sea” for “jellyfish”
No response	An indication of uncertainty about identity of picture with no response provided	“I don’t know what that is”