Table 1.
ToxRefDB positive chemicals for male reproductive effects.
| Male reproductive effect | Number of positive chemicals (mean lowest effect level; cLEL) (mg/kg/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rabbit | Mouse | Rat | P1 | F1 | P1 or F1 | MRDT | |
| Malformation | 1 | 0 | 14 | NA | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Hypospadias | 0 | 0 | 2 (98) | NA | 2 (98) | 2 | 2 |
| Nipple retention | 0 | 0 | 3 (70) | NA | 3 (70) | 3 | 3 |
| Decreased anogenital distance | 0 | 0 | 9 (57) | NA | 8 (232) | 8 | 8 |
| Cryptorchidism | 1 (80) | 0 | 7 (241) | NA | 6 (285) | 6 | 6 |
| Testicular tumor | 0 | 1 | 27 | 28 | NA | 28 | NA |
| Mesothelioma | 0 | 0 | 5 (6) | 5 (6) | NA | 5 | NA |
| Adenoma | 0 | 0 | 8 (25) | 8 (25) | NA | 8 | NA |
| Interstitial cell tumor | 0 | 1 (113) | 15 (35) | 16 (38) | NA | 16 | NA |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | NA | 1 | NA |
| Sperm effect | 1 | 15 | 42 | 34 | 24 | 51 | 36 |
| Morphology | 1 (3) | 3 (39) | 10 (64) | 9 (67) | 10 (42) | 14 | 12 |
| Motility | 0 | 8 (102) | 21 (44) | 21 (56) | 6 (31) | 25 | 14 |
| Testicular spermatid count | 0 | 4 (40) | 9 (84) | 8 (111) | 5 (58) | 12 | 11 |
| Epididymal sperm count | 0 | 4 (79) | 12 (64) | 7 (29) | 10 (159) | 15 | 13 |
| Semen sperm count | 0 | 5 (58) | 11 (90) | 12 (65) | 4 (36) | 15 | 8 |
| Histological effect | 0 | 34 | 95 | 103 | 27 | 111 | 20 |
| Prostate | 0 | 2 (398) | 17 (30) | 15 (44) | 6 (31) | 19 | 7 |
| Seminal vesicle | 0 | 3 (158) | 8 (25) | 10 (41) | 1 (50) | 11 | 2 |
| Epididymis | 0 | 6 (153) | 25 (20) | 25 (23) | 9 (17) | 27 | 7 |
| Epididymis (spermatogenesis-specific) | 0 | 5 (62) | 22 (67) | 22 (68) | 4 (50) | 26 | 8 |
| Testis | 0 | 11 (159) | 29 (56) | 35 (69) | 4 (127) | 39 | 8 |
| Testis (spermatogenesis-specific) | 0 | 23 (96) | 65 (56) | 71 (57) | 17 (32) | 77 | 16 |
| Relative weight change in tissue | 0 | 42 | 176 | 174 | 58 | 196 | 50 |
| Prostate | 0 | 3 (342) | 40 (64) | 29 (100) | 16 (42) | 42 | 16 |
| Seminal vesicle | 0 | 4 (274) | 36 (41) | 29 (36) | 14 (138) | 39 | 20 |
| Epididymis | 0 | 5 (294) | 34 (54) | 25 (45) | 21 (81) | 37 | 27 |
| Testis | 0 | 36 (88) | 153 (56) | 154 (56) | 47 (83) | 172 | 36 |
| Total | 2 | 64 | 224 | 221 | 84 | 248 | 63 |
| NA, not applicable. Includes 248 of the 281 chemicals positive for male reproductive effects with dosage information for prenatal and generational (P1, F1) studies (F2 and F3 data not shown); mean cLELs are listed in parentheses. A chemical was found to produce a male reproductive effect if produced any of the listed search terms in ToxRefDB in Excel File S2, regardless of dosage. MRDT (male reproductive developmental toxicity): sperm effects, histological effects, and tissue weight change were reported exclusively in developmental studies, plus all malformations; tumor location and methods used for sperm count were not specified in ToxRefDB; general histological effects include inflammation, necrosis, and pigmentation, in contrast with spermatogenesis-specific histological effects such as aspermia, immature sperm, and retained spermatids. | |||||||