Table 3. Prognostic factors in RRMS according to EDSS outcome 10 years after disease onset.
| mild vs. moderate disability | mild vs. severe disability | overall | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (CI) | P value | Hazard ratio (CI) | P value | P valueb | |
| Female | 1.13 (0.62–2.05) | 0.698 | 1.30 (0.52–3.28) | 0.578 | 0.845 |
| Age at manifestation of patients’ first symptoms | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 0.130 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.176 | 0.252 |
| Pyramidal initial symptoms | 1.36 (0.74–2.49) | 0.324 | 3.44 (1.35–8.76) | 0.010 | 0.033 |
| Complete remission | 0.42 (0.23–0.77) | 0.005 | 0.65 (0.25–1.65) | 0.361 | 0.021 |
| Oligoclonal bands | 1.05 (0.99–1.08) | 0.647 | 1.09 (0.97–1.11) | 0.428 | 0.769 |
| Number of relapses | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) | 7.0*10−6 | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 0.160 | 5.1*10−5 |
| Secondary progression | 29.99 (13.96–64.41) | 2.8*10−18 | 503.8 (160.0–1580.1) | 1.8*10−26 | 9.6*10−58 |
| Depression | 0.76 (0.33–1.76) | 0.525 | 3.59 (1.14–11.24) | 0.028 | 0.012 |
| Cognitive dysfunction | 2.48 (0.84–7.30) | 0.099 | 4.64 (1.11–19.50) | 0.036 | 0.102 |
| Pregnancya | 0.87 (0.48–1.58) | 0.647 | 0.68 (0.26–1.78) | 0.434 | 0.725 |
Multinominal logistic regression. Reference category is mild disability 10 years after disease onset. A hazard ratio (HR) > 1 indicates that the variable is associated with a higher risk of having moderate or severe disability compared to the reference group (mild disability).
Numbers in brackets show 95% confidence interval (CI) for HR.
a…this analysis was only conducted for female patients
b…likelihood ratio tests
Abbreviations: EDSS = Expanded Disability Status Scale; RRMS = relapsing-remitting MS