Table 3.

Ovarian cancer risk factors and inflammatory exposures in relation to risk of TNF-α positive and negative tumors, univariate analysis.

	TNF-α negative (42 cases)		TNF-α positive (36 cases)
	n cases (%)	OR^a (95% CI)	n cases (%)	OR^a (95% CI)	p-heterogeneity^b
Parity					0.02
0 children	6 (14)	1.00 (ref)	16 (44)	1.00 (ref)
1 or 2 children	20 (48)	0.99 (0.38, 2.54)	9 (25)	0.18 (0.08, 0.43)
3+ children	16 (38)	0.80 (0.29, 2.17)	11 (41)	0.30 (0.13, 0.71)
Oral contraceptive use (years)
0	22 (52)	1.00 (ref)	16 (44)	1.00 (ref)	0.91
<2	8 (19)	1.01 (0.43, 2.39)	7 (19)	0.96 (0.38, 2.43)
2-5	6 (14)	0.65 (0.25, 1.70)	8 (22)	0.78 (0.31, 1.92)
>5	6 (14)	0.36 (0.14, 0.96)	5 (14)	0.24 (0.08, 0.70)
p-trend		0.05		0.03
Tubal ligation	6 (14)	1.61 (0.66, 3.90)	0 (0)	n/a	n/a
Family history of breast or ovarian cancer	11 (26)	1.49 (0.72, 3.05)	7 (19)	1.12 (0.48, 2.63)	0.61
Endometriosis Smoking	3 (7)	0.85 (0.25, 2.86)	5 (14)	1.61 (0.60, 4.28)	0.40

Never	20 (48)	1.00 (ref)	20 (56)	1.00 (ref)	0.16

Former	13 (31)	0.61 (0.30, 1.26)	13 (36)	0.72 (0.35, 1.49)

Current	9 (21)	2.81 (1.20, 6.29)	3 (8)	0.84 (0.24, 2.93)

BMI (kg/m²)

<25	21 (50)	1.00 (ref)	19 (53)	1.00 (ref)	0.59

≥25-30	12 (29)	0.80 (0.39, 1.68)	7 (19)	0.58 (0.24, 1.41)

>30	9 (21)	0.88 (0.39, 1.98)	10 (28)	1.25 (0.56, 2.78)
Genital powder use	13 (31)	0.94 (0.48, 1.85)	10 (28)	0.89 (0.42, 1.88)	0.91
Aspirin use	8 (19)	0.56 (0.26, 1.34)	9 (25)	1.25 (0.55, 2.82)	0.19
Ibuprofen use	11 (26)	0.92 (0.44, 1.92)	12 (33)	0.95 (0.46, 1.98)	0.95
Menstrual pain Alcohol, g/day	17 (40)	1.59 (0.84, 3.02)	16 (44)	1.75 (0.89, 3.45)	0.88

0-1.97	16 (41)	1.00 (ref)	15 (44)	1.00 (ref)	0.46

1.97-5.97	8 (21)	1.02 (0.43, 2.41)	11 (32)	1.34 (0.61, 2.95)

5.97-12.8	5 (13)	0.66 (0.24, 1.83)	4 (12)	0.51 (0.17, 1.54)

>12.8	10 (26)	1.20 (0.54, 2.67)	4 (12)	0.51 (0.17, 1.55)

Abbreviations: TNF-α=tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6=interleukin 6, BMI=body mass index

Adjusted for age (continuously)

p-value for heterogeneity was obtained using a likelihood ratio test