Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Study Author(s) (year) | N1 | % Female |
Mean Age |
Sample | Prospective Analysis |
NSSI Measure |
NSSI Time Frame |
Life Stress Measure |
Life Stress Time Frame |
Life Stress Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baetens, Claes, Muehlenkamp, Grietens, & Onghena (2011) | 236 | 81.4 | 15.1 | Community | No | Questionnaire (SSM) |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (SSM) |
12 months | General |
| *Baetens et al. (2014) | 1439 | 54.8 | 12.0 | Community | No | Questionnaire (SSM) |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (SSM) |
Lifetime | Family |
| *Bennun (1983) | 40 | 85.0 | 23.3 | Clinical | No | Interview (SSM) |
Lifetime | Interview (SSM) |
Lifetime | General |
| Burke, Hamilton, Abramson, & Alloy (2015) | 110 | 73.0 | 18.7 | Community | Yes | Questionnaire (FAFSI)5 |
Lifetime | Interview (LES & LEI) |
6 months | General |
| *Cerutti, Manca, Presaghi, & Gratz (2011) | 234 | 50.4 | 16.5 | Community | No | Questionnaire (DSHI)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (LSC-R) |
Lifetime | General |
| Christoffersen, Møhl, DePanfilis, & Vammen (2015) | 2980 | 47.8 | 24.5 | Community | No | Interview (SSM) |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (SSM) |
Lifetime | Trauma |
| *Garrison, Addy, McKeown, & Cuffe (1993) | 444 | 56.0 | 13.4 | Clinical | No | Interview (K-SADS) |
12 months | Questionnaire (CLES-A) |
12 months | General |
| Guerry & Prinstein (2010)a | 143 | 72.0 | 13.5 | Clinical | Yes | Questionnaire (SSM)5 |
3 months | Questionnaire (LE-C) |
9 months | Social |
| *Hankin & Abela (2011) | 97 | 61.0 | 12.6 | Community | No3 | Questionnaire (FASM)5 |
2.5 years | Questionnaire (ALEQ) |
3 months | General |
| *Hasking, Andrews, & Martin (2013)b | 1973 | 71.72 | 14.9 | Community | Yes/No4 | Questionnaire (SHBQ)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (ALES) |
Lifetime | General |
| *Layne et al. (2014) | 3785 | 62.7 | 15.3 | Clinical | No | Questionnaire (ISFP) |
30 days | Interview (THP) |
Lifetime | Trauma |
| *Liu et al. (2014)a | 110 | 70.9 | 14.3 | Clinical | No3 | Questionnaire (SSM)5 |
3 months | Questionnaire (LE-C) |
9 months | General |
| Manca, Presaghi, & Cerutti (2014) | 205 | 52.8 | 16.2 | Community | No | Questionnaire (R-NSSI-Q)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (LSC-R) |
Lifetime | General |
| *Paul, Schroeter, Dahme, & Nutzinger (2002) | 376 | 100.0 | 24.3 | Clinical | No | Questionnaire (SSM)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (TLEQ) |
Lifetime | Trauma |
| *Ray-Sannerud, Bryan, Perry, & Bryan (2015) | 422 | 28.1 | 36.3 | Community | No | Questionnaire (SITBI-SR)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (LE-C) |
Lifetime | Trauma |
| *Tuisku et al. (2009) | 103 | 82.0 | 16.4 | Clinical | No | Interview (K-SADS) |
6 months | Questionnaire (LE-C) |
12 months | General |
| Voon, Hasking, & Martin (2014a)b | 2328 | 70.7 | 13.9 | Community | Yes | Questionnaire (SHBQ)5 |
12-Month | Questionnaire (ALES) |
12 months | General |
| Voon, Hasking, & Martin (2014b)b | 2507 | 68.0 | 13.9 | Community | No | Questionnaire (SHBQ)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (ALES) |
12 months | General |
| Voon, Hasking, & Martin (2014c) b | 2637 | 68.0 | 13.9 | Community | No3 | Questionnaire (SHBQ)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (ALES) |
12 months | General |
| *Yates, Carlson, & Egeland (2008) | 155 | 51.6 | 26.0 | Community | No3 | Interview (SIBQ)5 |
Lifetime | Interview (SSM) |
64 months | Family |
| *Zetterqvist, Lundh, & Svedin (2013) | 2185 | 56.0 | 16.02 | Community | No | Questionnaire (SITBI-SF- SR& FASM)5 |
Lifetime | Questionnaire (LYLES) |
Lifetime | Trauma |
Note:
Articles marked with an asterisk were included in the meta-analysis.
a, b Studies with identical superscripts were drawn from the same sample.
The number of participants included in relevant analyses, rather than entire study sample, is presented.
As the mean age was not reported, the median value of the sample age range is presented here.
These studies featured a longitudinal design but employed cross-sectional analyses of the relation between life stress and NSSI.
This study presented both longitudinal and cross-sectional findings for the relation between life stress and NSSI. The bivariate findings (cross-sectional) were included in the meta-analysis, and the multivariate finding (longitudinal) in the narrative review.
These measures included multi-query assessments of different forms of NSSI to determine its occurrence during the time period under consideration. In some studies, however, data were dichotomized for analysis.
ALEQ = Adolescents Life Events Questionnaire; ALES = Adolescent Life Events Scale; CASE = Child and Adolescent Self-Harm in Europe; CLES-A = Coddington Life Events Scale for Adolescents; DSHI = Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory; FAFSI = Form and Function Self-Injury Scale; FASM = Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation; ISFP = Indicators of Severity of Functional Problems; K-SADS = Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; LE-C = Life Events Checklist; LEI = Life Events Interview; LES = Life Events Scale; LSC-R = Life Stressor Checklist-Revised; LYLES = Linköping Youth Life Experiences Scale; R-NSSI-Q = Repetitive Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Questionnaire; SHBQ = Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire; SIBQ – Self-Injurious Behavior Questionnaire; SITBI-SF-SR – Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview – Short Form – Self Report; SITBI-SR – Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview – Self Report; SSM = study-specific measure; THP = Trauma History Profile; TLEQ = Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire.