Table 1. Clinical findings of 12 patients with a history of biliary manipulation prior to thermal ablation of liver lesion(s).

Patient no.	Age (years)	Sex (M/F)	Primary tumor	Type of surgery causing biliary violation	Biliary manipulation to ablation (years)	Size of tumors (cm)	Thermal ablation modality	Previous TACE?	Antibiotic prophylaxis	Post-ablation abscess (yes/no)
1	78	F	GIST	PD	10.0	0.8	MWA	No	APARa	No
2	64	F	PDAC	PD	1.0	2	RFA	No	APARa	No
3	69	M	Pancreatic NET	PD	3.6	1.8	MWA	No	APARa	No
4	71	F	LMS	PD	1.7	2.5	MWA	No	APARa	No
5	42	F	Ampullary carcinoma	PD	1.5	1.8	MWA	No	APARa	No
6	54	M	Pancreatic NET	PD	0.8	1.2	MWA	No	APARa	No
7	72	M	Pancreatic NET	PD	16.5	1.7	RFA	No	APARa	No
8	65	F	Pancreatic NET	PD	2.0	1.0	MWA	No	APARab	No
9	65	M	Ampullary carcinoma	PD	2.9	1.4	Cryo	No	APARa	No
10	37	M	Small bowel carcinoma	PD	0.5	1.1	MWA	No	APARa	No
11	64	F	Pancreatic NET	PD	3.5	(a) 1.8 (b)3.5	(a) RFA (b)RFA	Yes	Other regimenc	Yes
12	76	M	PDAC	PD	2.1	2.5	MWA	No	Other regimend	Yes

TACE transarterial chemoembolization, GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumor, PD pancreaticoduodenectomy, MWA microwave ablation, APAR aggressive prophylactic antibiotic regimen, PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, RFA radiofrequency ablation, NET neuroendocrine tumor, LMS leiomyosarcoma, Cryo cryoablation

^aAPAR: Levofloxacin 500 mg orally daily and metronidazole 500 mg orally every 12 h beginning 2 days before the procedure and continuing for 14 days after the procedure; neomycin 1 g orally and erythromycin base 1 g orally at 1, 2, and 11 pm the day before the ablation

^bPatient was unable to complete antibiotic regimen because of antibiotic-related adverse events

^cPiperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g intravenously four times a day plus metronidazole 500 mg intravenously twice daily within 1 h of procedure on the day of the procedure followed by ciprofloxacin and metronidazole 500 mg orally each twice a day for 7 days

^dMetronidazole 500 mg orally twice a day within 1 h of the procedure for 10 days